Islam, Apostasy and Missions Essay Example for Free

Islam, Apostasy and delegacys EssaySharkeys Empire and Muslim Con mutation historical Reflections on Christian Missions in Egypt, Kiesers Mission as A Factor of Change in Turkey (Nineteenth to first one-half of Twentieth Century) and Erhans puff of airs Official Attitude Toward American Missionaries and a chapter from Timothy Marrs work The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism, are scholarly enterprises that provides a comprehensive details about some historical phenomenon pertaining to Christian Missionaries, Islamic world and American History.All these articles refer to missionaries activities in the different geographical sphere within Islamic world notwithstanding all(a) these indicate similarities in their social and political orientations, their patterns and procedures and their successes and failures. All the authors have tried to present different aspects of missional activities in the Islamic world with different sexual climaxes of historiography. But mostly all of them have illustrated the Missions movements in the Western hemisphere of the Islamic world.Egypt and faggot empire during the 19th century and early 20th century with a brief references to other parts of Islamic world (Mostly Sharkey has provided succinct comparisons with Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia etc. ) here and thither. Their methodology to explore the historical realities, to analyze the issue and to provide judgments remains different. For example, Sharkey like a distinguished historian approaches the question with professional integrity and objectiveness and restrains himself from providing sweeping conclusions about the whole scenario that he has analyzed intensively and extensively.He single provides the verified and verifiable arguments in support of his thesis and tries to coverall the aspects of evolution of phenomenon of Mission activity, their triumphs and failures and applies these historical judgments to the contemporary situation and ruling tenet of Clash o f Civilization. Whereas Hans-Lucas Kieser arguments lucidly without relying much on primary and secondary sources but sometimes he adopts an absolute stance over some issue without providing any substantial proof.Although Erhan also mulls over the phenomenon of Missionary activity in the Ottoman Empire but he has considered a specific issue of Ottomans official attitudes toward theses Evangelical missions. Other writer like Sharkey and Kieser touch some aspects of Ottomans approach and policies toward these missionaries but Erhan discusses these exhaustively along with the diplomatic transaction between Ottoman Empire and United States of America in the early 18th century and how these relations affected the American missionaries status in the geographical domain of Ottoman empire.Timothy Marr postulates his theory first and then draws on far-fetched intellectual arguments to support his thesis. He collects all the historical evidences that can support his thesis and arrange them in a way so that they seem converging on a wholeness point i. e. to draw parallels between major tenets of abolitionist spirit with romantic perception of Islamic world. He takes into account the whole Antebellum period.The ultimate purposes of all the articles seem to develop an understanding of the patterns and processes of Evangelical missionaries work in the Muslim world and its implications in the contemporary scenario (except Timothy Marr that analyzes the effect of Ismaicism on antislavery movement in America). Sharkeys work is of great importance in this regard as its intention is to trace down the roots of Missionary activity in the Anglo-American imperialism and to dig up the causes of the origin of post-colonial trend of considering these missionaries as neo-crusaders and proponents of anti-Islamic neo-imperialism by the Muslim masses.Kiesers article seems to create a justification based on historical facts and figures that Missionaries in the Ottoman empires were actor s of social and mental change. He tries to subvert the popular Muslim notion that Christian missionaries were carters of anti-Muslim agenda. Erhans Ottoman Official Attitudes Toward American Missionaries give the revenue stamp of a complete intellectual exercise to advance some historical findings.All the writers have specified a exceptional period of Evangelical missioner activities in a particular geographical location. Sharkey takes into account the Missionary activities in Egypt but does not bind himself to chronological limits. He covers the colonial and post-colonial eras but pays special assistance to the imperialistic moves of Anglo-American nations and their correlation with the missional activities of the Anglo-American Churches.Kieser consider the activities of ABCFM in the Ottoman Empire especially the Armenian and Assyrian provinces in the 19th century and first half of 20th century. Sharkey, Kieser and Erhan adopts the same argumentative line about the gradual evol ution of missionary activity and acknowledged rightfully explained the phenomenon of Missionaries premature activities to convert Muslim to the Christianity, their acknowledgment of the impossibility of the efforts and diversion to other socio-religious groups and minorities in the same geographical area.Sharkey says that although Ottomans political moves of liberalism and tolerance under the Anglo American imperial influence has facilitated the missionary activities but socio-cultural compulsions remained there that hindered the way of missionaries and kept them away from an agenda of conversion. So conversion of majority Muslims was a fruitless effort. So zealous missionaries turned their attention to the Orthodox Christians of the area i. e. to convert native orthodox Coptic Christians to Protestants.Kieser has analyzed the same pattern of diversion among the missionaries of ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) in Ottoman Empire. He illustrates that The f irst Missionaries of ABCFM learnt early on the impossibility of evangelizing the members of Ottoman ummetTheir resistance to conversion was partly due the strong legal an social sanctions against conversions, but not only to that. Like the Jews, for deep historical and psychological reasons, the Muslims remained on the whole impermeable to the enthusiastic approach of the Protestants. (Kieser, p. 392-393)He further asserts that therefore the ABCFM concentrated its work on the Assyrians, Armenians and Greek minorities and kept in contact with Muslim marginals. (p. 393) Erhan takes a different stance and says that the initials efforts of the American missionary were directed toward Jews living at Palestine (p. 316) but soon realized that Jew were tight-knit religious community and thus largely immune to Christian evangelical activities ( Erhan, p. 315) But he further illustrates that Christian missionaries were divert to their fellow Christian with Eastern version of Christianity.A ll these writers have assessed the situation precisely as Quranic injunctions and Shariahs rulings that consider Islam as the final version of divine religions that encompass the teachings and tenets of Christianity and Judaism. These Islamic doctrines further hold that Murtid i. e. convert, has no place in Islamic society. These injunctions are psychologically and emotionally absorbed in the Muslims minds so the ultimate result of apostasy was social outcast and in some cases death penalty.

Intercultural communicaton analysis Essay Example for Free

Inter heathenish communicaton analysis EssayThe life of every personality is profoundly affected by a myriad of interethnical affiliations that affect a persons ability to interact with other people and be seen by them from a specific viewpoint. Intercultural communication is likely to be particularly affected by cultural stereotypes. T here(predicate)fore, each persons life is shaped to a striking degree by cross-cultural perceptions and co-cultural affiliations. In my personal case, I shake up a shape of cultural affiliations that have a direct influence on my life. In the first place, a parcel out of facets of my experience depend on my physical characteristics, such as my female gender. Being of that gender, I have a different kind of experience with other people, as it seems easier to bond with girls than with boys on certain subjects, and some aspects of physical work and sports be naturally harder for me because of my weaker constitution. In sum total to gender, my life is also impacted by my ethnic origin and religious tradition. Being Turkish and Muslim, I tend to follow the rules and norms prescribed by our faith.Thus, I pray five times a day, observe the Ramadan, and attend meetings in the local mosque. As a result, my lifestyle puts me in contact with a lot of Muslims who constitute my immediate circle of communication. In communication with other cultural and religious groups, I have to recognize that my principles and habits are different from most people. umpteen of my peers, for instance, find it strange that I do not eat or drink by daylight for the entire month of Ramadan.This makes me pause and explain to them the importation of the fast and what it means to me as a Muslim. Being Muslim does not in itself give an exhaustive description of my cultural identity since I have also been exposed to a number of other cultural influences. I am Turkish, and our culture differs in many ways from that of Arabic countries or that of Iran. In addition, I speak English as a second language and went to a French high school. Thus, for me, as for many of my younger countrymen, European cultural influences proved a great impact.I have been watching European movies and read European books since childhood. Knowing English, I was also exposed to the US cultural influence, watching Hollywood blockbusters and interacting with American peers. Belonging to a certain category, one is always an easy target for stereotypes. Thus, it so happened that I am an only child, so many believe that I am spoiled. In a talk with a classmate at school, I had to give examples of household chores that I do at home to dispel his notion of my being utterly spoiled.He only believed me after I told him how I could cook myself the whole dinner party for the family at the age of 10. On the other hand, communicating with older people, I have to correct their understanding of college students as spoiled, rough, and careless. Sometimes, I feel as if these q ualities are attributed to me by default simply because young people are portrayed in this way in a variety of movies. I try to beleaguer this stereotype by taking time to talk to them at length about my studies and future career plans.I think it gives them an idea that I am serious about college as a way to a better life, not just a socializing event. In this way, my life has been infused with a variety of cultural influences that made me the person I am. At times, it can be difficult to balance many of them, such commitment to my faith with realities of college life here in the US. However, I do my best to try and find a sound approach that will dispel stereotypes and allow me to retain my unique identity. consultation Neuliep, J. W. (2000). Intercultural Communication A Contextual Approach. Houghton Mifflin.

Review of related literature and studies Essay Example for Free

Review of related to literature and studies EssayThis chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that serving as a background and frame of preference upon which conceptual framework was formulated. This material gave much background and information for the present study. cogitate Literature (12 page single space) p 7-21 2. 1 Slavery 2. 1. 1 Timeline of Significant Events. The slave trade had a long history. The first importation of slaves by the Spanish vessels from Africa to America took place in 1522. The first African Slaves arrived in Virginia, USA in 1619. The English colonies start the lawful establishment of thrall in 1660 which included the linked States. The start of the big waves of slave importations into the English colonies from Africa occurred in 1700. The slaves start to outnumber the English Americans in 1720. The Quakers start to fight against the evils of Slavery in 1750. The French and Indian War resulted to the expulsion of the French army from many parts of North America for ten historic period starting in 1753. The linked States war for independence from Great Britain started in 1775 in the war of Lexington and Concord. The United States finally declared that it wanted to be independent from the Great Britain on July 9, 1776 .And, the Continental Congress of the United States formally approved their Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778. And, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania finally abolished the practice of slavery. Great Britain and the United States formally signed the pact of Paris agreeing to stop the independence war between the two countries and to recognize the United States as a new nation. And, the Continental Congress sends the new composing to the state for ratification on September 28, 1783. George Washington is proclaimed as the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789.The Bill of Rights that contained the first ten amendments were approved by more than three fourths of the United States territory and becomes part of the United States Constitution. The United States bought Louisiana from France for fifteen million U. S. dollars. And the members of the United States formally made a law banning the importation of slaves into the United States . Further, the White Churches start their religious outreaches to the African American slaves. The United States quelled the revolt orchestrated by Nat turner in Virginia.Abraham Lincoln was chosen by the citizenry as the sixteenth president of the United States on March 4, 1861. General Robert Lees helper army formally surrenders and ends the Civil War on April 9, 1861. The thirteenth Amendment was finally approved by the United States Congress. Lastly, the United States Congress approves with finality the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This amendment gives automatic citizenship to the slaves. This amendment also punishes those states that do not comply in with the Amendment to remove slavery by taking away the rebelling states representation in Congress.Also, all free men are given the right to vote under the fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Beloved novel also had a theme entitled slavery. Slavery is described by the novels author as commonplace. This means that the people who have slaves are considered normal people. The people during this time period accept that slavery is an institution and its philosophy and mindset affects the lives of many people in the slave prevalent parts of the United States. Consequently, slavery had its advantages and disadvantages. There are also good owners of slaves as well as abusive owners of slaves.Beloved speaks of Garners. They are the owners of the slaves like Sethe. They were very kind to the African American slaves. In return, the slaves like Sethe and Paul D. , another slave, respected the Garners. This happy cooperation between the Garners and the slaves came to an abrupt end when the Garners died. This novel describes the years before the Civil War and the years after it. Morrisons lyrical narrative coherently weaves together the supernatural and the tangible giving a literary masterpiece that pours out a eye-popping achievement resulting to a spellbinding reading activity .They were replaced by the cruel leadership of the Garner replacement. The replacement was a man known only as school teacher. Paul D later stated that their happy home would only last as long as the Garners were alive. This was definitely true. Paul D. barely reiterated that their happy home under the Garners would be shattered upon his death. The novel also dictates that the Garners are for against the practice of slavery. However, the novel identifies the slaves as just simple playthings or workers who were manipulated by the Garners to feed their fantasies and wants with the slaves as instruments.In a simple to read manner, Beloved author Morrison wants to paint a picture in the minds of the Beloved reader s how big the job of slavery is. Morrison also indirectly gives clues as to how widespread and evil the slave trade was during those fateful time periods. The author, Morrison, also emphasizes that there are some ways to eradicate slavery. In the Bodwin home, there is a statue of an African American child. The statue has on it an inscription that reads At Yo Service.

Episodic Dystonia and Hallucinations Due to DLAT Genes

Episodic Dystonia and illusions Due to DLAT GenesTitle Carbamazepine responsive Episodic Dystonia and Hallucination callable to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2 (DLAT) element sportsmanFatema J Serajee1, Salman Rashid2, and AHM M Huq1ABSTRACTBACKGROUND PDH E2 inadequateness ascribable to DLAT mutations is a very rare condition with only 4 reported cases to naming.METHODS We describe a 15-year-old female child with mild intellectual disability, paroxysmal dystonia and reversible basal ganglia aim ab habitualities on brain MRI. Additional neurophysiological, imaging, metabolic and exome sequencing studies were performed.RESULTS turn metabolite testing, and GLUT1 and PRRT2 mutation analysis were negative. A repeat brain MRI revealed Eye-of-the-tiger-sign. Exome sequencing identified homozygous valine to glycine alteration at amino group stifling position 157 in the DLAT broker. Bioinformatic and family analyses indicated that the alteration was likely pathogenic. Patients s dystonia was responsive to low dose carbamazepine. On weaning carbamazepine, unhurried developed hallucinations which resolved after carbamazepine was restarted.CONCLUSIONS PDH E2 wish referable to DLAT mutation has a more benign course compared to common forms of PDH E1 deficiency out-of-pocket to X-linked PDHA1 mutations. All known cases of PDH E2 deficiency due to DLAT mutations share the features of casual dystonia and intellectual disability. Our patients dystonia and hallucinations responded soundly to low dose carbamazepine.IntroductionPyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) E2 deficiency is a rare pediatric neurometabolic disease due to mutation in DLAT broker ( promontory et al., 2005 McWilliam et al., 2010). Only 4 cases with DLAT element mutations stomach previously been reported ( proposition et al., 2005 McWilliam et al., 2010). All share the features of dystonia and some degree of developmental delay and characteristic globus pallidus signal abnormalities on brain MRI. This disea se tends to have more benign course as compared to PDH E1 deficiency (Head et al., 2005 Huq et al., 1991 McWilliam et al., 2010 Patel et al., 2012). We report an additional case with DLAT mutation with new phenotype and treatment information.Case ReportA 15-year-old girl presented with paroxysmal episodes of left lower extremity weakness and stiffening for the last 8 years. These episodes were triggered by exercise but no exacerbating or relieving factors were noted. in that respect was no associated aura, alteration of consciousness, incontinence or opposite associated neurological symptoms. Her parents were second cousins, but family history was negative for known genetic disorders. Birth and past medical checkup histories were also unremarkable. Patient had a speech delay but met her other childhood milest is appropriately. Later, she developed academic difficulties and at 15 years of age she was playacting at a 4th grade level. At presentation, the patient had a normal exami nation except for some cognitive and reading difficulties. At the beat of initial presentation to a pediatric neurologist at 7 years of age, an MRI of the brain revealed reversible T2 hyperintensities in the basal ganglia. In addition, she was set in motion to have lessen NAA peak and the suggestion of a lactate peak on MR spectroscopy. EEG, EMG and nerve conductions studies were unremarkable.Over the years the patient was considered to have paroxysmal kinesiogenic dyskinesia and was treated with carbamazepine (100 mg daily). The patient was initially evaluated by us at age of 14 years. Metabolic work up for serum lactate, serum amino acids, acyl carnitine profile, serum copper and ceruluplasmin and GLUT1 or PRRT2 mutation analysis were unremarkable. Repeat MRI revealed basal ganglia signal changes including Eye of the tiger sign (Figure 1). MR spectroscopy studies were suboptimal.Exome sequencing was performed through and through Ambry laboratory as previously depict (Serajee and Huq, 2015). The patient had homozygous c.470TG (p.V157G) alteration in the DLAT (Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (PDHC E2) gene suggesting the diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency, a rare piddle of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Both parents and hotshot brother were heterozygous carriers and another brother was homozygous normal. The p.V157G alteration (c.470TG), is in coding exon 3 of the DLAT gene, results from a T to G substitution at nucleotide position 470. The valine at codon 157 is replaced by glycine, an amino acid with dissimilar properties. The V157 amino acid position is highly conserved in all open vertebrate species. The p.V157G alteration is predicted to be probably damaging by Polyphen and deleterious by SIFT in silico analyses. The V157 amino acid is located within the biotin/lipoyl attachment domain of the DHAT protein. The DLAT c.470TG alteration was not observed in healthy cohort databases such as NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) or the 1000 Genomes Project or the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP). Based on data from the HGMD, only the four alterations reported by Head et al. (2005) and McWilliam et al. (2010) have been observed within the DLAT gene to date (Head et al., 2005McWilliam et al., 2010). These include ace missense alteration, two splice alterations, and one small in-frame deletion. Based on the above evidence, the homozygous c.470TG (p.V157G) alteration was considered pathogenic.Her parents refused treatment with the ketogenic diet. When carbamazepine was weaned off due to parental concerns of side effects, within few weeks, patient developed hallucinations. Parents reported resolution of symptoms after carbamazepine was restarted.DiscussionThe Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex functions in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. The composite plant contains three subunits E1, E2 and E3 (Patel and Roche, 1990). The most common form of pyruvate dehydrogenase d eficiency is due to mutations affecting the E1 subunit, and results in a variety of clinical manifestations depending upon the residual function of the enzyme (Huq et al., 1991Patel et al., 2012). E1 subunit is encoded by PDHA1 gene of X chromosome. Most patients present in infancy with lactic acidosis, ataxia and hypotonia, either chronically or episodically (Huq et al., 1991Patel et al., 2012). The mutation in our patient is in the E2 subunit (dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase), which forms the structural core of the enzyme and functions in accepting the acetyl groups and transferring them to coenzyme A, an essential step preceding the entrance of glucose into the TCA cycle (Head et al., 2005Patel and Roche, 1990). E2 subunit is encoded by DLAT gene located on chromosome 11q23.1.To date, however, there are only four reported cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency caused by alterations in the DLAT gene, making it a very rare cause of the condition (Head et al., 2005McWilliam e t al., 2010). In addition, Robinson et al reported an additional patient with reduced E2 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase enzyme activity (32% of the control and undetectable E2 immunoreactive protein (Robinson et al., 1990). For this patient, no gene mutation data is open (Robinson et al., 1990). The patient reported by Robinson et al. had a disaccordent phenotype compared to our patient and four other genetically confirmed DLAT mutation cases and had profound retardation and microcephaly (Robinson et al., 1990).Head et al. (2005) first described two unrelated individuals with PDH deficiency caused by homozygous non-protein truncating mutations in the DLAT gene (Head et al., 2005). One patient demonstrated a deletion of glutamic acid in the outer lipoyl domain of the protein, whereas the second expressed a missense mutation in the catalytic site, leading to a substitution of leucine for phenylalanine. Both patients were male children natural of first-cousin parents. These patients p resented with a less severe phenotype compared to individuals with the more common type of PDH caused by alterations in the PDHA1 gene encoding the E1 subunit, and their common features included episodic dystonia, hypotonia, ataxia, and developmental delay(Head et al., 2005). Episodes of dystonia were oft triggered by stress or fever, and developmental progress appeared to slow after the episodes as well. Additional reported features included inconsolable crying, nystagmus and abnormal eye movements, ptosis, drooling, jerk head movements, arching of the body, bottom shuffling, stiffening of the limbs, episodic clenching of the hands, head lag and hypotonia. Brain MRI findings in each patient included focal signal abnormality in the basal ganglia with high T2 signal and low T1 signal in the globus pallidus which was compatible with an abnormality of energy transfiguration (Head et al., 2005). The authors concluded that mutations in the DLAT gene are an extremely rare cause of PDH deficiency and that patients with this type of PDH may be more likely to respond to a ketogenic diet (Head et al., 2005). McWilliam et al. (2010) also described two sisters born of non-consanguineous parents affected with pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency caused by compound heterozygous splice mutations in the DLAT gene (McWilliam et al., 2010). Clinical features were like those described in Head et al. (2005), including progressive episodic dystonia, cognitive impairment, and globus pallidus hyperintensity on brain MRI. Both patients were treated with a modified ketogenic diet and the parents reported improvements in concentration, fine motor control, and decreased fatigue (McWilliam et al., 2010).Previous reports noted the phenotypic overlap to patients with PKAN, and suggested investigation for PDH E2 deficiency in patients suspected to have atypical PKAN with negative genetic testing (Head et al., 2005McWilliam et al., 2010). PKAN is one of several diseases classified under t he umbrella of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). It is caused by a mutation in the pentothenate kinase 2 gene, an abnormality of coenzyme A metabolism (Zhou et al., 2001). CoPAN (Coenzyme A synthetase protein-associated neurodegeneration) is another NBIA that affects the synthesis of coenzyme A. It is caused by a mutation in coenzyme A synthetase (COASY) gene (Schneider, 2016Tonekaboni and Mollamohammadi, 2014). Clinical features of PKAN and CoPAN also include ataxia, dystonia, chorea and Parkinsonism, cognitive dec and psychiatric manifestations (Schneider, 2016Tonekaboni and Mollamohammadi, 2014). In NBIA, whether iron accumulation is a cause or an effect of the disease process is still not known (Schneider, 2016Tonekaboni and Mollamohammadi, 2014).In our patient, the manakin of MRI changes in the bilateral globus pallidus is remarkably like that seen in PKAN and CoPAN, revealing the eye-of-the-tiger sign . On brain MRIs of patients with PKAN and CoPAN, the central hyperintensity of the eye-of-the-tiger sign is thought to be due to the tissue necrosis, while the surrounding hypointensity is attributed to the iron accumulation (Dusi et al., 2014Kumar et al., 2006). Other diseases including cortical basal degeneration, multisystem atrophy, multiple sclerosis and neurofibromatosis may have similar neuro-radiological findings. However, these diseases differ from PKAN in their clinical behavior and pattern of MR abnormalities (Kruer et al., 2012). PKAN and CoPAN also affect the substantia nigra (Kruer et al., 2012) however, the involvement of the substantia nigra has not yet been reported in cases of PDH E2 deficiency due to DLAT mutations. Out of the four previously reported cases of PDH E2 deficiency due to DLAT mutation, only two patients had serial MRI scans. In one patient, the brain MRI was normal at one year of age but follow up at 6 years-old showed an abnormal hyperintense T2 signal in the bilateral globus pallidus. In the other pa tient, similar lesions were noticed at 15 months-old that remained unchanged on follow up at 2 and 6 years of age (Head et al., 2005). As unconnected to the eye-of-the-tiger sign seen in our patient, all the previously reported cases showed homogenous basal ganglia hyperintensities (Head et al., 2005McWilliam et al., 2010). As discussed above, PKAN and CoPAN result from a defect in coenzyme A synthesis (Schneider, 2016Tonekaboni and Mollamohammadi, 2014). PDH E2 deficiency due to DLAT mutations, on the other hand, affects the transfer of acetyl group formed by decarboxylation of pyruvate to coenzyme A (Kumar et al., 2006McWilliam et al., 2010Patel and Roche, 1990). It is possible that the clinical and radiological similarities of PKAN, CoPAN and PDH E2 deficiency are due to shared abnormalities in the acetyl-CoA metabolism.Like our patient, the 4 previously reported DLAT mutation cases presented with dystonia and intellectual disability, with a more benign course than those affecte d with the PDH E1 subunit deficiency (Head et al., 2005McWilliam et al., 2010) . In this regard, PDH E2 deficiency due to DLAT mutation is like PDH deficiency due E3 binding protein deficiency (Head et al., 2005). Serum and CSF lactate were elevated in only one patient, but all demonstrated characteristic hyperintense T2 and hypointense T1 signal in the bilateral globus pallidi on brain MRI. In 3 out of the 4 patients, ketogenic diet was reformatory in alleviation of the disease symptomology(Head et al., 2005McWilliam et al., 2010). Our patients had hallucination, which was not described in other 4 reported patients. Her dystonia and hallucinations responded to low dose carbamazepine. Our case thus expands upon the phenotype for PDH E2 deficiency associated with the DLAT gene mutation.Reference ListDusi, S., Valletta, L., Haack, T.B., Tsuchiya, Y., Venco, P., Pasqualato, S., Goffrini, P., Tigano, M., Demchenko, N., Wieland, T., Schwarzmayr, T., Strom, T.M., Invernizzi, F., Garavagl ia, B., Gregory, A., Sanford, L., Hamada, J., Bettencourt, C., Houlden, H., Chiapparini, L., Zorzi, G., Kurian, M.A., Nardocci, N., Prokisch, H., Hayflick, S., Gout, I., and Tiranti, V. (2014). Exome sequence reveals mutations in CoA synthase as a cause of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 94, 11-22.Head, R.A., Brown, R.M., Zolkipli, Z., Shahdadpuri, R., King, M.D., Clayton, P.T., and Brown, G.K. (2005). Clinical and genetic spectrum of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) deficiency. Ann. Neurol. 58, 234-241.Huq, A.H., Ito, M., Naito, E., Saijo, T., Takeda, E., and Kuroda, Y. (1991). Demonstration of an unstable magnetic declination of pyruvate dehydrogenase protein (E1) in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with congenital lactic acidemia. Pediatr. Res. 30, 11-14.Kruer, M.C., Boddaert, N., Schneider, S.A., Houlden, H., Bhatia, K.P., Gregory, A., Anderson, J.C., Rooney, W.D., Hogarth, P., and Hayflick, S.J. (20 12). Neuroimaging features of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 33, 407-414.Kumar, N., Boes, C.J., Babovic-Vuksanovic, D., and Boeve, B.F. (2006). The eye-of-the-tiger sign is not pathognomonic of the PANK2 mutation. Arch. Neurol. 63, 292-293.McWilliam, C.A., Ridout, C.K., Brown, R.M., McWilliam, R.C., Tolmie, J., and Brown, G.K. (2010). Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency a potentially treatable cause of episodic dystonia. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 14, 349-353.Patel, K.P., OBrien, T.W., Subramony, S.H., Shuster, J., and Stacpoole, P.W. (2012). The spectrum of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency clinical, biochemical and genetic features in 371 patients. Mol. Genet. Metab 105, 34-43.Patel, M.S., and Roche, T.E. (1990). Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. FASEB J. 4, 3224-3233.Robinson, B.H., MacKay, N., Petrova-Benedict, R., Ozalp, I., Coskun, T., and Stacpoole, P.W. (1990). Defects in the E2 lipoyl tr ansacetylase and the X-lipoyl containing component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in patients with lactic acidemia. J. Clin. Invest 85, 1821-1824.Schneider, S.A. (2016). Neurodegeneration with Brain adjure Accumulation. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 16, 9.Serajee, F.J., and Huq, A.M. (2015). Homozygous Mutation in Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Gene Results in Intractable Epilepsy, Involuntary Movements, Microcephaly, and Developmental and Growth Retardation. Pediatr. Neurol. 52, 642-646.Tonekaboni, S.H., and Mollamohammadi, M. (2014). Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation an overview. Iran J. tike Neurol. 8, 1-8.Zhou, B., Westaway, S.K., Levinson, B., Johnson, M.A., Gitschier, J., and Hayflick, S.J. (2001). A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Nat. Genet. 28, 345-349.Figure 1 Legend MRI of the brainA. Axial T2 image showing hyperintensity in bilateral globus pallidus, which is surrounded by a hypointense signalB. A xial T1 image showing hypointensity in bilateral globus pallidusC. Coronal T2 FLAIR image showing hyperintensity in bilateral globus pallidus, which is surrounded by a ring of hypointense signal (eye-of-the-tiger sign)

Food Insecurity in the United States

Food hazard in the United StatesFood Insecurity In The United StatesJulie HurleyIntroductionThis paper will introduce the topic of nutrient hazard and hunger in the United States. According to the definition okay by the 1996 ball Food Summit, pabulum security exists when solely people, at all sentences, beat physical, social and frugal access to sufficient, safe and nutritious sustenance which meets their dietary postulate and victuals preferences for an active and wellnessy life.(Simon, 2012, p. 4-5) Food hazard therefore, is the in susceptibility to acquire adequate fare intake for all kinsfolk members as the result of insufficient resources. Food Insecurity is too the official term use to describe the United States Department of Agricultures (agribusiness) measurement for all the possible variations that a family or house might experience while getting insufficient to sufficient food. The USDA measures the degree to which good food is procurable and how nutritio us that food actually is. So while some members of a family might be getting food most of the time, some of the time some members be getting no food, others are getting food that is not very good and sometimes no one is eating at all. All these variations are taken into account and measured. Food insecure households are not necessarily food insecure all of the time and food insecurity may too reflect the trade-offs a household needs to make amid paying the bills and purchasing nutritionally adequate food. (NYC Food Insecurity, 2014) Not surprisingly, low-income families are more worryly to experience food insecurity than middle or higher income families.There are four dimensions to food security availability, accessibility, utilization and stability. So food insecurity occurs when there is a lack of food (no availability) a lack of resources (no access to food) an improper use (no proper utilization of food) or neuters in availability, accessibility or utilization (no stabilit y with regards to food). (Simon, 2012, p. 5-8)The United States produces more food than it could ever use for domestic consumption. Yet patronage the ability to produce all this food, food insecurity is still a problem in the United States. the Statesn hunger is the result of economic poverty, when some people literally do not have enough funds to purchase food. just now levels of income and poverty do not fully predict food insecurity. This suggests that other things (such(prenominal) as the ability to budget resources), are important in determining whether or not someone will be food insecure. (Gowda, Hadley, Aiello, 2012, p. 1586) In 2008, 17 million US households were considered to be food insecure.(Gowda et al., 2012, p. 1579) In 2010, household food insecurity in the US was at its highest level since measurements began in 1995.(Fram et al., 2011, p. 1114) Also in 2010, over fifth of U.S. children lived in food-insecure homes. The problem was considered serious enough at the time that President Barack Obama publicly pledged to end child hunger by 2015.(Fram et al., 2011, p. 1114)Today, food insecurity is combated by both plaque programs and aid from the private sector. And while both types of aid have increased in this century, hunger relief by the judicature has outpaced that go awayd by the private sector.(Gowda et al., 2012, p. 1583) However, this was not always the case, and for many people throughout the Statesn history people were essentially on their own.HistoryThe prospect of food insecurity is a constant part of the human condition and in the United States has been a concern for as large as people have been living in northerly America. The European colonists who commencement ceremony settled in North America faced the prospect of severe hunger much of the time. transplant crops brought from Europe and trying to grow native crops was difficult. In the early days of the first colonies, many settlers watched their crops fail and ultimatel y died of starvation or the effects of starvation. But many other settlers were saved from starvation through the generosity of Native Ameri offers. Over time the colonists adapted and they either copied, continued or created farming methods that were successful. In the process of doing this, they discovered that the land in North America was very fertile.(Eisinger, 1998, p. 32-34)They were so successful that despite the rugged environment and violence, hunger in North America was already becoming less severe than the level of hunger found throughout Western Europe. Improved food security had the effect that despite the dangers of life in the colonies, by 1776 Ameri batch colonists enjoyed a higher life expectancy than their European cousins. The average life expectancy in North America at that time was 51 years in Great Britain 37 years in France only 26 years.(Eisinger, 1998, p. 44) A titanic factor in the food security experienced by North Americans though was that in addition t o good fertile land, there was also a low community level. There was also no shortage of jobs. With low unemployment levels and plenty of work, any able-bodied person was obstructed from suffering from the effects associated with unemployment, such as low income and the resulting inability to access food.(Fogel, 2004, p. 14-15)But conditions changed by the early 19th century when good land (or at least access to good land) became more scarce, usually available only to those who already had with wealth. It had also become harder to make a living from public land or by owning and operating a gloomy farm. poor people economic conditions forced many small farmers off their land, making them homeless. With a growing population of homeless people, Americas first homeless shelters (which also provided food), were set up, called Poorhouses.(The Poorhouse, 2012) In some areas city officials would also hand out emergency cash to the starving to buy food, however this did not stop the boi lersuit rise in poverty or hunger. By 1850 living conditions had fallen so low that in America that life expectancy had dropped to 43 years. It is resume that by 1865, as many as 1 in 5 Americans could have been suffering from food insecurity.(Fogel, 2004, p. 36)After the Civil War, the industrial revolution began to change this situation to some degree. Factory jobs provided more access to income for workers and by the 1870s there was less hunger and homelessness in the U.S. Of course most of these jobs were low pursue and workers suffered in terrible conditions, but there were more jobs to choose from (and therefore less unemployment) so that at least people could earn enough specie to eat. Though these sweat shops with their bad working conditions were the engine driving the Gilded Age the overall result was that they improved economy. This in turn created even more (and better) jobs being created outside of the factories as consumers had more money to spend. One side effect however, was that life for the poorest of the poor actually got worse. Many wealthy Americans opposed the predilection of establishment intervening to help the hungry, thinking this would only create masses of lazy unemployed people. They also thought that it would somehow sabotage the growth of the unloosen market. Laissez Faire capitalism was thought to be the appropriate response to the starving poor. But at the same time, the private sector began to provide help to the poor by creating Americas first soup kitchens.(DePastino, 2005, p. 22)In the early 20th century there was a revolution in farming with the creation of the first methods of mechanized agriculture.(Janick, 2014) Ironically, although this lead to an increase in rural unemployment it also created a surplus of food which helped lower food prices in the United States. As a result, during and after the first World War (1914-1918), the United States sent close 20 million tons of food to a war ravaged Europe. And since World War I the United States has continued to be a world leader for relieving hunger.(Vernon, 2007, p. 242)In the 1920s Americas economy was booming, but the received market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed reversed much of the progress that the United States had made in reducing domestic hunger. But as a result of the Great Depression, the issue of American hunger became a major issue for the government. In time both the government and the private sector responded to the needs of the American people. More private soup kitchens and bread lines were opened and the New need program of government relief was launched. Some government programs like the whole works Progress Administration (or WPA) tried to reduce unemployment by providing much needed jobs. Other programs tried to reduce poverty by raising wages. Another government program, the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation tried to provide poor people with food and bought surplus food from farmers. By the 194 0s the New Deal programs had improved the economy and seemed to have reduced most of the hunger in the United States. Until the late 1960s, many Americans considered hunger in their nation to be a solved problem.(Poppendieck, 1999, p. 11) So much so that some states even ended the practice of distributing federal official food surpluses for free. Instead they provided an early form of food stamps but there was a price charged and since many could not pay for them, more people began to suffer from severe hunger again.(Poppendieck, 1999, p. 10)As American parliamentary procedure rediscovered hunger, more private charity groups opened soup kitchens and the first modern food bank was created in 1967.(Poppendieck, 1999, p. 112) The so-called Hunger Lobby was also launched to quest politicians to improve eudaimonia for the hungry. By 1967 senate hearings were held on hunger and in 1969 President Nixon called on Congress to end hunger in the U.S. once and for all.(Melnick, 1994, p. 311) In the 1970s, U.S. federal hunger relief grew substantially with food stamps distributed free of charge. Though these efforts again helped combat food insecurity, eventually the federal government again reduced welfare spending.(Dando, 2012, 177178) The private sector again responded with grass roots relief agencies, essentially in the form of colossalger and better food banks.(Dowler, 2012, p. 1)Food Insecurity InterventionsAmericas heritage of food insecurity provides an interesting look at the cycle within which food insecurity rises and falls. By now the relationship between economics and food insecurity seems pretty well documented as the economy gets worse, poverty increases and with more people experiencing poverty, more experience food insecurity. Sadly, government policy, again operating in cycles, provides some initial, emergency, short term assistance but then eventually seems to blame the victims for their own deprivations and ends assistance. To be realistic about endi ng hunger in America, we must acknowledge that no matter how good the economy might ever get, there should always be interventions already in place to prevent food insecurity in the first place and to provide food to the hungry in preparation for the next big economic downturn.As a nurse viewing food insecurity as a public health issue, there are three types of interventions in the field of healthcare capital, present momentary and tertiary prevention. Primary preventions try to protect healthy people from developing a problem to begin with. Secondary preventions top after an illness has already been diagnosed, with the goals being to halt or slow the progress of the illness. Tertiary preventions try to help an ill patient cope with the long term issues associated with an already exiting, full blown condition that cannot be reversed.(Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, 2006)Primary Interventions Creating Food Security/Measuring American food insecurityCommunity food secur ity is created through several avenues like nutrition education, public health, sustainable agriculture and anti-hunger activism. And as a modern public health issue, a primary intervention used to try and prevent food insecurity from occurring, is to track it using reliable and precise methods of measurements. With accurate statistics, policy makers and organizations can address problems before they get worse. The only way to really do this is to get statistics about what demographic is accessing food programs, and the circumstances which caused them to have to do this. The USDA is the government agency which has been tasked with tracking and fighting food insecurity and in 1994, the USDA organized a conference to try and figure out the shell way to track food insecurity. The conference identified the appropriate basis for a nationwide measure and agreed that the best way to take such a measure was with nationwide surveys.(History Background, 2014) This conference resulted in the creation of the U.S. Food Security Measurement Project (USFSMP), and current food security statistics are found on the survey measure the USFSMP developed. In 1995, the U.S. Census Bureau first carried out a field test of the first food security survey called the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement. The Food Security Supplement was repeated again from 1996 to 2001 and has been continued annually ever since. Taking the info from these surveys and using the highly sophisticated statistical techniques, USFSMP created an accurate scale that measures the severity of deprivation in basic food needs as experienced by U.S. households.(History Background, 2014)So a major component of primary intervention is already in place by tracking and measuring food insecurity. But the second half of this prevention-oriented approach for community food security is to take those statistics and addresses a diverse range of issues such as food availability and affordability direct food m arketing diet-related health problems participation in and access to Federal nutrition assistance programs ecologically sustainable agricultural production farmland preservation economic viability of rural communities economic opportunity and job security community development and social cohesion.(Food Security In The US, 2014) According to the USDA themselves, primary intervention should also support the development of long term strategies To improve access of low-income households to healthful nutritious food supplies. To increase the self-reliance of communities in providing for their own food needs. To pass on comprehensive responses to local food, farm, and nutrition issues. (Food Security In The US, 2014)Some of these issues can be addressed directly by the USDA but some can only be address in conjunction with or solely by other government agencies and policy makers. For example, the USDA has no say in influencing economic opportunity and job security but at least it can prov ide other agencies that do, with feedback as to how their policies may or may not be working. It seems unrealistic to think that the USDA alone can end food insecurity and clearly the magnitude of the problem and the power it would take to prevent it is beyond the scope of the USDA as it currently exists. But at least this primary intervention is in place and can be used in the future to continue trying to prevent hunger from happening and, until preventing it completely, to act as an alarm for strengthening secondary interventions.Secondary InterventionsWhile primary interventions for food insecurity involve the policy and decision making that affects poverty in America, the interventions that most of us associate with food insecurity are those involving clear hunger relief that provides food to the hungry. Modern secondary interventions include the followingFood pantries. The most common food aid establishments in the U.S., food pantries gull food from donors and give out actu al parcels of food to those in need. Although used by anyone, they are designed to help families have enough food for a few meals which will be eaten at home.The food closet. The food closet has the same purpose as a food pantry, but is not big enough to be in a building of its own. The food closet will be a closet or room in something like a church and is often found in more remote communities.Soup kitchens. Soup kitchens are also called food kitchens and meal centers, all of which provide hot cooked meals for the hungry. These meals are prepared and eaten in the soup kitchen building (not at home). Soup kitchens are the second most common food aid establishment in the U.S.The food bank. The food bank is the third most common food aid establishment. in the U.S. Most food banks usually storage warehouse food and distribute it to other agencies like food pantries, instead of giving it directly to the hungry. They get their supply of foods from large farms, manufacturers, supermarket s and the federal government.Food rescue organizations also warehouse food and distribute it to other agencies but they operate on a smaller scale than food banks and get their food from different sources restaurants, smaller shops and small farms.The network of these organizations that provide food assistance is sometimes referred to as the Emergency Food Assistance System (EFAS).(Riches, 1986, p. 15-20)

The interactional nature of suspended clause constructions in Japanese

In spoken Japanese, subordinate clauses often occur without their main clauses. Ohori (1995 1997) called them suspended clause constructions (SCCs) and formulated that a SCC occurs when the intended marrow is either contextually inferable or conventionalized. However, it is not very clear when and how the conversational participants know whether the intended put across is contextually inferable (or conventionalized) or not, since a SCC and a non-suspended random variable of subordinate clause are not entirely distinct category. Therefore, in order to consider the motivation for SCCs, we need to look carefully at the details of the process of producing SCCs. Based on the corpus compend on naturally occurring conversational recordings, I propose to modify Ohoris formulation from the Interactional lingual point of view.1 IntroductionIt has been widely known that, in spoken Japanese, subordinate clauses (e.g. kedo- /kara- /node- /noni- clauses) often occur without their main claus es (Martin, 1975 Hinds, 1986). While they are syntactically incomplete, they cook up a complete utterance. For example, in (1), speaker A uses a kedo (though, but) clause without its main clause.Ohori (1995 1997) argued that such patterns can be seen as independent grammatical constructions in the sense of Fillmore et al. (1988) and called them suspended clause constructions (SCCs). Answering to a question of under what conditions can a clause marked for subordination not be accompanied by a following main clause? (pp.201-202), Ohori (1995) formulated that a SCC occurs when the intended message is either contextually inferable or conventionalized (p.213). From the mental synthesis Grammarians point of view, Ohori (1995216) argued tha... ...r when and how the conversational participants know whether the intended message is contextually inferable (or conventionalized) or not, since a SCC and a non-suspended version of subordinate clause are not totally distinct category. Therefore , in order to consider the motivation for SCCs, we need to look carefully at the details of the process of producing SCCs. Based on the corpus analysis on naturally occurring conversational recordings, I found that it cannot be predetermined whether an subordinate clause is a SCC or not. Rather, SCCs are realized retrospectively as a result of interactive negotiation among conversational participants. Thus, I propose to modify Ohoris formulation as follows a SCC occurs when the fact that the intended message is either contextually inferable or conventionalized is interactionally observable by the participants behavior.

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Lord of the FliesThe classic novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding is an evoke adventure deep into the nether regions of the mind. The part of the brain that is suppressed by the mundane tasks of modern society. It is a struggle between Ralph and Jack, the boys and the Beast, good and evil.The story takes a look at what would happen if a group of British school boys were to become stranded on an island. At first the boys have good intentions, nutrition a fire going so that a passing ship can see the smoke and rescue them, however because of the inherent evil of the many an(prenominal) the good intentions of the few are quickly passed over for more exciting things. The massacreing of a pig slowly begins to take over the boys life, and they begin to go about this in a ritualistic way, dancing around the dead animal and chanting. As this thirst for blood begins to spread the group is split into the sane (the fire-watchers) pitted against the irrational (the hunters) (Dick 121) . The fear of a mythological beast is perpetuated by the younger members of the groups and they are forced to do something about it. During one of the hunters celebrations around the kill of an animal a fire-watcher stumbles in to try and disband the idea of the monster. Caught of in the rabid frenzy of the dance, this fire-watcher suddenly becomes the monster and is brutally slaughtered by the other members of the group. The rising tide of the novel is when the hunters are confronted by the fire-watchers. The hunters had stole Piggys (one of the fire-watchers) glasses so that they may have a means of making a readying fire. One of the more vicious hunters roles a boulder off of a cliff, crushing Piggy, and causing the death of yet another rational being. The story concludes with the hunters run Ralph (the head and last of the fire-watchers). After lighting half of the island on fire in an attempt to smoke Ralph from his hiding place, they chase him on to the beach however to fin d a ships captain and crew waiting there to rescue them, because he saw the smoke.The novel is packed full of symbolism and irony. Golding also communicates his pass quite well. The title refers to Beelzebub, most stinking and depraved of all the devils it is he, and not the God of Christians, who is worshipped (Burgess 121).