Rail Way Ticket Reservation

Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOSAD) 15. 3. 3 OOA of Railway Ticket Reservation System Assume that domain analysis is complete and DAD is ready for reference. The analyst also has a fair knowledge of the system and the system environment. For the sake of convenience and to reduce complexity at this stage in OOA, we are ignoring certain conditions, constraints and features that the real system may have. For example, we are not considering cancellation of tickets as a requirement. We assume all passengers irrespective of their type (senior citizen, military personnel, special category passengers etc. are the same, and therefore are charged with the same fare. We begin with the statement of requirement of the system. u System Requirement l The passenger has a prior knowledge of the reservation and ticketing system. The passenger arrives at the railway ticket counter and interacts with the counter clerk first through an enquiry and then follows the process of form filling, tendering, payment and collecting the tickets. l Passenger accepts the ticket or leaves the counter.l Passenger seeks information on fare, train timings and availability of tickets. Passenger can have single ticket or multiple tickets. l Journey begins on a day and will be over with one break in between. l Passenger is identified by name, age, sex and address. l Trains are identified by name and number. l No receipt is issued for money transacted. l Output of the system is ticket(s) with details. l The process is triggered through a form filled by the passenger detailing the requirements of tickets, train, date, etc. l A form is used for each train. If the journey requires use of multiple trains, separate forms are used for each train. Identify the Actors The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as su b-systems. The passenger is a passive user–actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user–actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value.Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor–user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system statuses are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. u Develop Business Process Model – Reservation and Issue of Tickets Based on the system observation by the analyst, a high-level activity diagram is drawn modeling the process of reservation and issue of tickets to the passenger. The activity diagram brings everybody concerned with the system on the ground to a common understanding of the system as it functions.Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) +D=FJAH# â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ We use this activity diagram of the process to develop use cases, which together achieves the goal of issuing the ticket. Fig. 15. 3 Activity Diagram of Reservation and Issue of Tickets Passenger Comes to the Counter Collects the Reservation Form ; Writes Details Clerk Enters Form Details on the Screen Triggers Ticket Printing Process Submits form to the Counter Clerk Validates, Verifies Availability Not OK OK Triggers Fare Process, Arrives at the Fare Amount Prints the Tickets Form Modified Not OKOK Issues Tickets *We do not see this as possibility in real world. Passenger may walk out of the system Collects Fare Amount Not OK * Confirms OK with the Passenger Triggers Update Process Attends To Next Passenger u Identify and Develop Use Cases In the ticket reservation systems, users are the passenger, the counter clerk and the Reservation and Ticketing System (R;T System). Take each user and identify the role s played, which would lead us to identify the roles played, which, in turn, would lead us to an identification of use case. Table 15. shows the result of the process of identifying the use cases. The system has three users, eight roles and eleven use cases. To illustrate the process of identifying the use cases, let us take the passenger (a user of the system). A passenger as a user may play one or more of three roles. The roles are 1. Enquiring about the availability of tickets on particular dates to a destination and the fare per ticket. The role is enquiring. 2=HJ111 â€Å"# Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOSAD) Table 15. 1 Users? Roles? Use Cases. User l Role l l lUse case l l l l l l l l l Passenger Enquiry Reservation and ticketing Cancellation Form data entry Requisition processor Ticket processor Data manager System server Enquire ticket availability and other details. Reserve seats and berths, tickets Cancel tickets Enter Reservation Requisition Form Process requisition for booking Process ticket to print Submits ticket data for updation Process reservation data, process ticketing process cancellation Update the status by date, train, etc. l Counter clerk l l l l l Reservation and ticketing system l 2.Reserving the ticket(s) on a particular train on particular date for a destination by requisitioning through a reservation form The role is reserving and booking tickets. 3. Cancelling the tickets after issuing and payment The role is cancelling. As explained in the case of passenger, the roles are use cases. Similarly, one can probe into the roles and use cases for counter clerk and reservation and ticketing system. u Draw Interaction Diagrams Interaction diagrams are used to show the interactions between user/actor and the system. Use case is a scenario that develops through interaction.Let us model different scenarios through interaction diagrams: Use Case: enquiring on ticket availability 1. Passenger submits information about the date and train, and requirement of tickets to the counter clerk 2. Clerk checks the availability of tickets on the date and train. 3. Communicates the availability status to the passenger. 4. If OK, the passenger proceeds to book the ticket through a requisition form. 5. If not OK, the passenger changes the date or train and requests availability. 6. Steps 2 to 4 are repeated. Figure 15. 4 shows the steps in the activity diagrams of use case enquiry to issue of Tickets. Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) +D=FJAH# â€Å"# Fig. 15. 4 Enquiry to Issue of Tickets Passenger Tells Date Train and Tickets Data Entered into R;T System Not Available Puts New Date and Train R;T Checks Availability Passenger Exits Available Fills Requisition Form R;T Processes the Form Prints Tickets Tickets Issued and Fare Amount Collected Let us draw use case scenarios in use case diagrams for actor passenger. Use Case enquiry: Fig 15. 5. Here use case goal is to convey the ticket availability status to the passenge r on the requested date and train.If the status is ‘available’, the passenger proceeds to book the ticket or may leave the counter. If the status is ‘not available’, the passenger may leave the counter or seek availability for a new date or new train. l 2=HJ111 â€Å"# Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOSAD) Fig. 15. 5 Use Case Enquiry Enquiries on Availability Enters Requested Data in R&T System Passenger Uses R&T System to Check Reservation Counter Clerk Informs the Status on Availability l Use Case: reservation and ticketing: Fig. 15. 6. Writes Reservation Requisition Form & SubmitsFig. 15. 6 Use Case: Reservation and Ticketing Passenger Form Data Entered Form Processed for Reservation & Ticketing Triggers Ticket Printing Collects Fare Amount and Issues Ticket Uses R&T System Uses Uses Reservation Counter Clerk Updates R&T Ticket Status Steps involved in this use case are: 1. Passenger writes reservation requisition form. 2. Submits to the c ounter clerk. 3. Counter clerk calls ‘Form’ screen. 4. Counter clerk enters form data. 5. Triggers R and T processing. 6. On OK processing, triggers ticket printing. 7. Issues ticket to passenger. . Update the system status. So far we have completed two of the most common and frequently used use cases, i. e. enquiry and reservation and ticketing. The following use cases can be modeled on similar lines. l Cancellation l Process reservation data Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) l l +D=FJAH# â€Å"#! Form data entry l Process ticketing Form processing l Process cancellation l Ticket printing l Status updation When the analyst has completed all use cases in the system, s/he has described and modeled the requirement of reservation and ticketing system.It is possible that in first go s/he may not be able to identify actors and hence use cases. But s/ he will come across their presence in the modeling exercise, and will then go back and analyse further to introduce more actors and use cases. OOA is an intuitive process. Use case–driven OOA up till now has given us broad system requirements in terms of use cases. The OOA model using use cases is to be packaged to model the system. Figure 15. 7 shows the packaging of use cases considered in the R and T system.Fig. 15. 7 R and T System Packaging R;T System Enquiry Ticketing Ticket Availability Processing and Printing Reservation Uses Uses Cancellation Reserving Seats Cancellation and Refund Process Realise that though there are eleven use cases, we have grouped them under four major use case groups, namely l Enquiry l Ticketing l Reservation l Cancellation The remaining use cases are sub-use cases, or, in other words, these four use cases are further decomposed to bring clarity to main use case scenario.How many case scenarios are necessary to represent the system and then to spell out the requirement? There are no set rules or guidelines on this point. More use cases may not necessarily bring better understanding or more clarity. A lot depends on users’ and developers’ level of comfort. What is definitely required is a use case for each major scenario: that is, for enquiry, reservation, ticketing and cancellation. Use cases for different scenarios arising out of smaller input variations need not be modeled.For example, cancellation could be part of a journey, 2=HJ111 â€Å"#† Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOSAD) reduced number of tickets and so on. Amongst five recommended processes of analysis, use case–driven analysis for ascertaining system requirement is considered best as it considers users’ perspective of the system. When the system is modeled into different case scenarios it not only goes down to the level of function and features, but also reveals relationships and behaviours amongst different system components.Each use case scenario is an instance in the system that has clarity regarding goals and how they are to be ach ieved. The system can be decomposed from major use case at higher level going down to lowest level. This means that lower level use case scenarios together build the major scenario. In use case–driven analysis, so far we have only understood in addition to domain knowledge. l System scope (enquiry, reservation, ticketing and cancellation) l System players (users, actors) l Major functions and processes based as use case scenarios. Some idea on packaging system components for deployment. l System requirements at functional and process level. In short, so far in OOA, we have reached to some extent a situation in which the requirement analysis made so far can be put into a formal RDD document. We still have not reached the specifications level. This is possible when we go further, identifying classes, their relationship, attributes and methods. Use case–driven analysis, displayed in use case models, is a basis for moving into the step of identifying classes and designing classes.

Contact And Exchange Between Peoples And Cultures Essay

Occupation is not a victory, yet, discrimination and oppression evoke acrimony among the native people, which impedes European imperialists from conquering the native people. The Metis, a native group originally scattered across Canada as well as parts of the northern United States such as Montana, North Dakota and Northwest Minnesota. However, the Metis and other aboriginal groups suffered injustice in European colonialism, which is the main focus of this paper. The Aboriginal peoples were the original residents of Canada. It is a collective word for the diversity of the indigenous people. The word was incorporated in the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 and concerns to the Inuit and the Metis people. The term aboriginal has provided a sense of unity among the indigenous peoples and also served the role of erasing the different historical, cultural practice, sovereignty and languages of over fifty countries that lived in Canada preceding to European colonization. It is believed that the Metis fatherly ancestry originated from different nationalities; Irish, French, English and Scottish while the mothers came from the Native Indian. So the Merits are of mixed blood. Nevertheless, the Metis were able to adopt both the European and the Indian culture through utilizing what was suitable to their necessities. However, the European colonization led to their suffering and injustice. During this time the Metis suffered prejudice, racism and injusti ce. The Relationship of the Metis To their Land and the Manitoba Treaty The Metis practiced the concept of communism, meaning personal ownership of land were prohibited. They resisted external pressures to abandon this concept. However, with the European colonization, the Metis was denied the freedom to live the way they wanted, thus, they were forced to abandon the communism concept. As a matter of fact, the Metis who had occupied the lands in North America for decades before the European colonization were deprived during the European colonization, which in turn is still today whereby the political and legal approached deprive Metis societies of fundamental human rights The European solidified their attitudes towards race in their experience with the Metis. The clash between England and Ireland went beyond rivalries between the two developing nations. This was a clash between the semi-nomadic pastoralist and those who were settled on the land as farmers and grew a sedentary culture. The treatment of the Metis people in Cnanda was extremely similar to the treatment of the other Aboriginal peoples. As a matter of fact, the European established a hierarchical view of the earth where the value of other communities was judged against the image of their own, whereby human beings were viewed as continuing through different regular and specific stages of growth ranging from savagery to civilization. Furthermore, it was not only a social philosophy, but a moral Christian obligation placed on the European to guide the Metis who was regarded as uncivilized beings to the pinnacle of civilization. The European presented the capital structure, which embroiled racial segregation. This was opposite to what the Metis and other Aboriginal groups practiced. As a result, this concept led legitimacy to the undertaking of the dominant power whereby the European dominated the Metis. Through racial segregation, the Europeans were able to push the Metis out of their land, and exert control over all the aboriginal groups in North America. Indeed, race became a social norm and an unquestioned reason to privilege. It was one employed with great insight against the Metis people in Canada. Thus, although most of the treaties had different positive effects in the aboriginals, most of them caused these communities a devastating effect. The treaties cost the Aboriginals a lot, including their land. Besides being forced to give up their culture, they ended up with a much smaller tract of land as a result of improper negotiations. Also, though the provision of education and health care has been cru cial in maintaining the Aboriginal cultures, other benefits such as farm implements and the right to utilize land were much smaller compared to the tracts of lands given in their exchange. Furthermore, the implications resulting in the signing of treaties caused a large number of deaths among them. According to Miller (2000), prior to 1870, the Aboriginal population decreased by about 75percent under the hands of the European settlers. The Fur Trade Canada expanded in a unique manner whereby it traded fur with other countries. Fur trade played a significant role in creating boundaries, which still exist today because borders are grounded on its dissimilar resilience in the North America. As a matter of fact, the importance of the fur trade lies in its commitment of the geographic platform. Through this trade, the development of the Metis emerged with their own language and culture. Indeed, the trade depended on the productive skill and the organizational capabilities in the Metis people. Therefore, the Metis and the Indians regulated the fur trade and only traded when it was convenient for them to do so. Moreover, the Metis were sought to travel through canoe into the interior to carry out trade with the Indian community. The fur trade helped the European to penetrate to Canada, and as a result, they started assimilating the Metis community. They disregarded their culture, beliefs and norms and waged to change their culture as w ell as their behavior. The Metis were culturally undistinguished from other Canadainas. The Land Scrip During the 18th century in Canada, the government gave out scrip certificate giving the right holder to either a certain acreage of land or an amount of money that could be used to the buy on land. These certificates were given out to individual Metis to fulfill their claim to land ownership. However, most people did not get the scrip who eventually was the original inhabitants of the land, meaning that the entire Metis communities who had stayed on the land for decades were sidelined of their rightful heritage. Moreover, it was not only the manner in which the Metis was deprived of their original land. Likewise, the Juvenile Act of Manitoba was modified to permit Metis minors to sell or dispose of their script, thus creating an opportunity for abuse. The government also opposed to a powerful Metis constituency and enterprise interests desiring to gather vast tracts of land colluded to ensure that the Metis of the West of forlorn become landless people. The Metis was not included, fr ightened, swindled or made to kill of the land consisting rudimentary way that consecutive Canadians would follow to open up Canada. As a result, the Metis were forced to live on unutilized parts of the land, which is the reason that they were referred to as the â€Å"Road Allowance People† meaning that they were bound to make their geographical area on the government land on either side of the road. Louis Riel and the Manitoba Drawing from Louis Riel who was the founder of Manitoba and a Metis leader, it is clear that the Metis were harassed unjustly. Riel was murdered by the government for treason. He had united the Metis community and led to a famous Metis government that was central in taking Manitoba into Confederation, but his aim was to preserve the Metis community from the Canadian authority. Riel also led the Metis at the Red River whereby the Canadian government had appointed McDougall as the governor whose mission was to re-stake the Metis land. The Metis opposed him through Riel so as to preserve their cultural, social and political status of the Metis in the Red River as well as the Northwest. As a matter of fact, intermarriages between the Europeans and the Metis or the aboriginals was prohibited. Riel was considered a hero because he defended the Catholic faith and the French culture in Manitoba. It is for this reason that went back to North America after being in exile for four months in the United States. The British and the Canadian government did not support the Metis beliefs and wanted to establish the Protestant beliefs. Nevertheless, the opposition from the Metis through the influence of Riel did not last long when he was captured and executed. Riel was executed without any trial with British or Canadian law for his section in the Red River resistance. The Residential Schools Just like other Aboriginal peoples, the Metis were placed in residential schools over the course of a hundred years. These schools stripped children of their languages and culture so as to eliminate the Metis problem and assimilate them into the society. The Metis in residential schools survived sexual as well as physical abuses, loss of identity as well as language. As a result, many of the Metis children as well as other Aboriginal people’s did not survive at all. Indeed, there are still unrequited questions about how some kids vanished. Nevertheless, the current dispute resolution program in North America, especially Canada does not address the fundamentals harms suffered by Aboriginal peoples as a result of the Indian Residential Schools system that was expressly introduced to remove Aboriginal languages and culture, and to murder the Indian in the child. The government’s strategy for accomplishing its policy aim concerned removing children from their families, puni shing them for speaking their aboriginal language and denying them the right to follow their spiritual teachings and traditional celebrations and failing to give them adequate education. In conclusion, from the above discussion, it is clear that the Metis as well as other Aboriginal communities in North America suffered injustices. They were killed because of their language and beliefs, disregarded because of their culture and mixed blood, they were racially segregated and denied their right to own land. As a result, they ended up in the Manitoba reserve with small parts of land and some none. Neither were their appreciated in residential schools whereby their kids were physically and sexually abused. And though all these things are known by the government, nothing much has improved in Canada for the Metis as well as other aboriginals. References Brown, D., & Kingston, O. (1992). Aboriginal governments and power sharing in Canada. Kingston, Ont.: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University. First Nations in Canada. (1997). Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Howe, P., & Bedford, D. (2007). Electoral participation of Aboriginals in Canada.Noble, T. (2008). Western civilization: Beyond boundaries (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rambaut, T. (1987). The Hudson’s Bay Half-Breeds and Louis Riel’s Rebellions. Political Science Quarterly, 135-135. Source document

Human Resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Human Resource - Assignment Example I do wonder how to run a multinational business. Multinational business is interesting since it enables one to influence the whole world. If I have the right skill and education, I will try software design. The career would enable me to design new software that can change the world. I love my job since it allows me to interact with many people. My job enables me to identify talents and skills in employees. If my boss allowed me, I would concentrate on mentoring young people to identify their talents and use them. It is noteworthy that most people assume their talents and skills yet they can use them to enhance their lives. If I had a free day, I would choose to spend time advising young people on how to make right career choices. Most people fail in their careers due to wrong career decisions they made as students. I wish to be remembered for influencing the lives of many people in the society. It is my dream to leave an impact in the society before I retire from my profession. Step Two The common themes in aforementioned are talent and working with students. I am interested in working with young students and transforming their lives. I also believe in incorporating talent into an individual's career. Step three Talent, mentorship, and creativity excite me about my dreams. I would identify sectors of my career relevant to my interests and incorporate them into my career. I would combine my current skills with passions by striking a balance between the two. I would also follow my passion while using my skills in my job.

Domino's Pizza Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Domino's Pizza Services Marketing - Essay Example Showcasing was first created from the products, which clarifies the watched delay in its application in the service segment in both Europe and the United States (He, Zha & Li, 2013). In the wake of showing the fundamental elements connected to showcasing services, a few areas will be produced: nearby services, budgetary services, services identified with transport and tourism. Services showcasing are advertising in view of connections and qualities. It can be utilized to advertise a product or service. Advertising services organization database is not quite the same as product showcasing the business. There are a few essential contrasts, including 1. The purchaser gains an unclear resource 2. Upkeep can be founded on the notoriety of one individual 3. It is harder to look at the nature of comparative services 4. The purchaser can't give back the service When you offer a service organization, we should remember that notoriety, value, conveyance and checking are critical to business achievement (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). "Dealing with the proof" alludes to the demonstration of educating customers that the service had been effectively met already. This is best done in inconspicuous ways, such as giving cases or depictions of good and poor service that can be utilized as a source of perspective. The principle reason is that the customer can't assess the aggregate cost of the service on the off chance that it is a decent benchmark for examination.

An Issue Facing Human Resource Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Issue Facing Human Resource - Research Paper Example Rays of light slip through the recently washed window, as the sun begins its journey through the sky. A copy machine sounds in the background as well as the quiet hum of hundreds of people beginning their day in their cubical. This is the typical office scene that has defined work culture for the past several decades. There is a change on the horizon, however, that has begun to alter this scene and could prove to permanently change what the ‘typical’ office is defined as. This change, brought on by advance technology and rising cost for both employers and employees is, telecommuting. Telecommuting, or an employee working from home, is quickly becoming the norm for many employees today. It comes with both benefits and challenges, and as with most changes to the workplace, the responsibility for ironing out this transition has been placed on human resource shoulders. However, by taking an in-depth look into the specific challenges this change brings, such as: calculating w ork hours, maintaining office culture and community, and keeping lines of communication open. One can successfully apply good human resource strategies to them, and affectively integrate this new technological practice into the company for all to benefit. The first challenge brought by telecommuting is how to calculate hours worked. When an employee is working from home it is hard for a company to affectively manage whether or not time is spent working or doing other things. One successful approach to this issue is implementing performance management skills for all departments company wide. Performance management bases rewards, and job recognition on the outcome produced, as well as the process one takes in achieving to said outcome. This proves most beneficial when trying to manage the success of an employees work hours when they are away from the office. The company can then set up a schedule for how many hours it should take to complete a task and pay the employee accordingly. Th is type of performance management is not only beneficial for employees that are telecommuting, however, it also benefits for all employees and managers. The American Society for Public Administration, upon switching to a performance management style, stated that, â€Å"Requirements for outcomes-based performance management are increasing performance-evaluation activities at all government levels† (Heinrich 712). This increase in performance evaluation activities comes as a direct result of the fact that performance management focuses on the steps needed to complete the task, it allows room for the employee to feel comfortable asking for help when needed, and not just when a major problem arises, and it gives direct feedback and praise for a job well done. This management style also requires continual communication between employee and management, which helps the telecommuter stay, focused and connected with their company. Another challenge telecommuting brings, that relies he avily on the human resource department to remedy, is maintaining office culture and community when employees are not working in the office. A study done by the Journal of Applied Psychology found that telecommuting less than two days a week had little to no affect on the workplace relationships, however, they stated, â€Å" high-intensity telecommuting (more than 2.5 days a week) accentuated telecommuting's beneficial effects on work-family conflict but harmed

Social Policy Development Pertaining to Education in India Essay

Social Policy Development Pertaining to Education in India - Essay Example imarily comprised of two areas that are one that were directly under the control and the administration of Great Britain and then there were the princely states that were under the dominion of the native rulers, who exercised their jurisdiction on behalf of the British Crown (Mill & Thomas 1976). Before the revolt of 1857, India was under the rule and control of the British East India Company. A formal system of governance under the British dominion was introduced in India in 1858 when the British East India Company passed over the control of India to the Crown then represented by Queen Victoria (Mill & Thomas 1976). Queen Victoria was formally proclaimed the empress of India in the year 1877. The British colonial rule in India lasted until 1947. The non-violent opposition and resistance to the British rule initiated and guided by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi finally brought freedom to India in 1947 (Mill & Thomas 1976). Indian scholars and historians respond to the British colonial rule with a mixed sentiment. Some hold the British responsible for depriving India of its economic prowess and wherewithal through a system of sustained exploitation. Then there are others who appreciate the British for introducing the policies and measures that led to the modernization of India. Perhaps, the truth lies somewhere between these two views. 3.0 Indian Education System under the British Modern education in India is the result of gradual evolution. History of education in India is closely linked up with the history of education in England. The beginnings of the modern system of education in India can be traced to the efforts of the Christian missionaries who poured into India in the wake of European traders (Willinsky 2000, p. 97). It was the... This paper stresses that in many ways and perspective, India could be considered to be a modern and democratic nation with a fast growing economy that to a great extent is integrated with the outside world. In that context the challenges before the Indian education system are immense and multifarious. However, it would be pragmatic to touch upon a few issues that are of immense importance to India, being a mature and responsible member of the international community. This report makes a conclusion that subjugation is not an ideal state of existence for any nation, still the British Raj did one good thing that is it introduced and exposed the Indian education system to Western thought, literature and scientific knowhow. Not to say, the policy makers and administrators in the independent India did much to build on the start given by the Raj. The current economic growth and development of the modern India to a great extent testifies to the success of its education system and educational policies. Still, the policy developments in India need to go a step ahead to include the weaker and sidelined segments of the Indian population. Besides, India also needs to get over its cultural and political compulsions and hesitations to make way for the inclusion of such subjects and disciplines in its education system that are in tandem with the trends prevailing in the free and modern nations.

Murals of Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Murals of Mexico - Essay Example It is also after the Mexican revolution that a group of Mexican muralist formed an art movement known as the Mexican Muralism. The Mexican Muralism which I earlier told you about began in the period around the 1920s and it only lasted for approximately 2 decades before the Mexican mural could be taken over by the modern mural artists. It is through these murals in this museum and in other buildings out there that our lovely country-Mexico enhanced its image globally especially in the developed world where most of the renowned Mexican muralists paid a visit and exhibited their artistic potential. Certainly, these murals bring about revolutionary themes to the mind of people whenever you came across them. The murals were also important tools of championing the social cause of the oppressed in the society. They expressed strong post revolutionary statements and positions at personal, social, artistic and political levels considering that the artists used the murals to express their opinions, beliefs, and position in relation to a particular issue at hand. These murals were also used for upholding the Mexican culture and religious stance considering that they tell stories about the gods, significant ceremonies as well as scenes experienced in the early life of the Mexicans. One of the greatest mural works in the Museum of Modern Art involves Diego Rivera frescos of the Agrarian Leader Zapata. Diego Rivera is renowned for transforming the Mexican art industry and his work on the Emiliano Zapata was an exceptional masterpiece.

A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel - Essay Example A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel Amores Perros marks the debut of Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu, as a film maker. This movie shares many common features with the film â€Å"Pulp Fiction. The only difference being that, Pulp Fiction has glorified criminals even to the extent of giving them the status of demigods. On the other hand, in Amores Perros, criminal elements are projected just as they are in actual life, and no attempt is made by the filmmaker to give a positive angle to negative characters. In Amores Perros, stories that are first narrated separately are later connected with each other. Firstly, the audience is introduced to the characters of Susana and Octavia, with the former being the wife of Ramiro, Octavia’s elder brother. Ramiro never shows any affection towards his wife, and it is but natural for the love-starved Susana to be drawn towards the benevolent and relatively kind-hearted Octavia. Susana plans to elope with her brother-in-law and her infant, after he (Octavia) earns some decent money. Octavia, propelled by the objective of making it big, takes to dog fighting and eventually does manage to earn a substantial sum. Next, the characters of Daniel, a magazine publisher, and Valeria, a renowned model, are introduced. Both of them live together, after Daniel leaves his family. Later, a serious road mishap grievously injures Valeria and puts an abrupt end to her successful modeling career, and the prosperous life expected by Daniel becomes just an unfulfilled dream.

Multi- Professional and Multi- agency working Essay Example for Free

Multi- Professional and Multi- agency working Essay â€Å"Multi-agency working brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families. † (DfES, 2001) In this essay my aim is to demonstrate an understanding of the collaborative skills required for effective multi professional practice. I will include feedback following a group presentation that I took part in and give my personal reflections of the process. I will then identify the issues and barriers in effecting multi professional practice linking to theory and legislation in Special Educational Needs (SEN) The Every Child Matters, (2004) agenda promotes effective multi- agency working and sharing of information between agencies, and Lord Laming stated that â€Å"effective support for children and families cannot be achieved by a single agency acting alone. It depends on a number of agencies working well together. † Multi- agency working is the involvement of more than one agency, and a team may consist of practitioners from several professional backgrounds who have different areas of expertise. Some of the practitioners may include health, education and social services. Some of these practitioners and professionals are involved in a child’s life are usually at least the child’s parents and the class teacher. This could then expand out to involve a speech therapist, a doctor, a social worker, a nurse and/or a psychologist. All of these people have an interest in helping to support the child and therefore all need to collaborate together for the benefit of the individual children. Speech and language therapists (SLT) are usually provided by the health services and provide formal assessment for pupils experiencing language and communication difficulties. They implement language and communication programmes with individuals and groups. They offer advice and support and assist with target setting and strategies According to Tassoni, (2003, p79) â€Å"the type of support that a child receives will depend on his or her need, but usually exercises and strategies are shared with everyone involved in the child’s care and education, especially parents† In my current role as a Speech and language therapy Assistant, (SLTA) I regularly liaise with the SLT and help to set some of the ndividual targets and provide appropriate resources to help the children to achieve their targets as well as implement programs set. As part of my role of a SLTA I work as part of a communication and learning team and have worked alongside many multi professionals, class teachers, learning support assistants, (LSA) in the school and a social worker. In the office in which I am based, each team member has their own individual skills and expertise that create a multi-skilled approach to support other team members, members of staff, students, parents and other professionals. The team consists of Teachers and Specialist Support Staff skilled in specific areas, SLT, an Occupational Therapists (OT) Early Years support worker and a Parent Support Advisor. As highlighted by the College of Occupational Therapists, (2011) Collaborative working within a multi-professional team can be the â€Å"most effective and efficient way to combine the skills of many professionals for the benefit of service users. †

Describe What Is Meant By Market Orientation Marketing Essay

Describe What Is Meant By Market Orientation Marketing Essay Market orientation is a business approaches that focuses on identifying and try to meet the needs or wants of customers. Market orientation occurs when the customers identify difference in a company when all the advantages offered to customers are measured. Market oriented companies focus customers wants and for the companies it is a good opportunities arise from changing needs of the market. The advantages of market oriented companies are it would have a higher customer value. Besides that, market oriented companies can do better than their competitor hence it will increase their profit. Company will focus the needs of the customers and try the best to meets their needs due to the level of competitive among the companies is high. Market orientation can be achieved by market research. In market research, the companies are gathering, record, and analysis of data from the customer and market. After analysis the data from customer and market, the company can easily to meets the customer s needs and wants. Based on the case given, Nestle already done their market research about their consumers and the result shows that their customers needs want more information about what they eat and drink. Nestle try to understand the economic, geographic and social factors which affects the diets of the consumers and try to concentrate on the nutritional and health value of the products. Example, Nestle have used their research and technological expertise to their ice cream products to lower the calories and fats and yet to have the same taste. In order to promote their product as a healthy product, Nestle provide the information about their products to the customers by using visual form of Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs). GDAs symbolic will make consumers to easily understand and make correct decision on the average amount of nutrients that they consume over an average day. Moreover, Nestle also focus on their customers and to understand their physical desires. Nestle have many products and consumed by all age of groups. They have introduced sugar free products like Polo and lower sugar product Kit Kat Light. Thus, it is clear that Nestle is market oriented companies since they are trying to understand the customers and market needs in order to achieve organizations goal. Using an example, explain what is meant by business ethics. Ethics are the moral principle or values held by those within the organization. For Nestle, in order to be ethical in operations, Nestles decisions are guided by a series of business principles. The well-being of consumers and employees is central to its business principles. For example, one of the principles is Nestle recognizes that its consumers have sincere and legitimate interest in the behavior, beliefs and actions of the company behinds its brands in which they place they trust, and that without its consumers the company would not exist. Business ethics is a study of what is constitutes right or wrong, good and bad. It also means the human conduct in a business context. Business ethics can influences the decision making of one company. One of the examples of business ethics is in the situation when the company deals with their customers. The ways that the company deals with their customers is they must treat them fairly and honestly. It means prohibiting the employees from cheating the customers or providing them misleading information. The employees should not hide the true price of a products, services and policy and trick customer to buy the product. They should not promise more than the product or services can deliver. Nestle practices a good business practice which the company play an important roles in the development of Guidelines Daily Amounts (GDA). The company added the visual form of the GDAs in the front of the pack of each product. Hence, every customers know the information of the amounts of calories, sugars, fat, salt, saturates of each product. The company also did not exaggerating the GDA in their product. It can show that Nestle is practicing a good business ethics. Question 3 What is the purpose of having business principles? Business principles are basically the guidelines used by business organizations. These principles play an important role as they influence the decision making of a company. Besides that, they serve as a supporting tool which provide a reference point and guide to the detailed implementation for the companies. There are several purposes of having business principles. First of all it acts as a guideline for the employees to follow in order to achieve the goal of the company. Business principle of a company is an approach to create a shared value between the shareholders and consumers besides influencing how the employees of an organization should behave. Nestle has its own business principle. The Nestle corporate business principles are the basis of the company culture. It has been developed over the span of 140 years. Nestle is committed to the following business principles in all countries, taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practices. All these principles provide clear guidelines for employees and help them make choice which reflects the companys ethical stance. The first principle is Nutrition, Health and Wellness. The purpose of this principle is to enhance the quality of consumers lives every day, everywhere by offering tastier and healthier food and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. Nestle express it through their corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. Next business principle is quality assurance and product safety. Nestle name represents a promise to the consumer that their product is safe and of high standard. The third principle is consumer communication. Nestle is committed to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets and respect their consumer privacy. The fourth principle is human rights in the business activities. Based on this principle, Nestle fully supports the United Nations Global Compacts (UNGC) guiding principles on human rights and labour. The aim is to provide an example of good human rights and labour practices througho ut their business activities. The fifth principle is leadership and personal responsibility. Nestle companys success lies on its people. Nestle corporate treat each other with respect and expect everyone to promote a sense of personal responsibility. They recruit competent and motivated people. Nestle also provide equal opportunities for every employees development and protect their privacy.The next one is safety and health at work. This principle is basically designed to prevent accidents, injuries and illness related to work. The seventh principle is supplier and customer relations. Nestle require their suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to be honesty, integrity and fairness. The eighth principle is agriculture and rural development. This principle shows that Nestle wants contribute to improvements in agricultural production, social and economic status of farmers, rural communities and in production systems to make them more environmentally sustainable. The next principle is environmental sustainability. Nestle commits to environmentally sustainable business practices. At all stages of the products life cycle Nestle wants to strive to use natural resources efficiently and target zero waste. The final business principle is water. Through this principle we can see that Nestle is committed to the sustainable use of water and continuous improvement in water management. This is because the world faces a growing water challenge and that responsible of management. Question 4 Use examples of business organizations known to you to illustrate examples of ethical decisions and comment upon why you feel those decisions to have been ethical. The decision of the Tesco to going green is an ethical decision. Basically, going green is mean to live life in a way that is friendly to the natural environmental and is sustainable for the earth. Going green also means contributing towards to maintaining the ecological balance in environment and minimizes the harm that the community do to the environment as a result of inhabiting in the earth. Tesco took several ways to achieve the objective of going green decision. Climate week is one of the ways that the company going green. Climate week took place to help tackle climate change. Tesco sold the Climate Week- branded Bags for Life on Buy One Get One Free. Tesco have achieved highest weekly sales of Bags for Life. If just 10% of the customers reuse their Climate Week bags, it will save an additional 2.3 million carrier bags per year. By this Tesco can helps to reduce the use of plastic bags. The reduction in the use of plastics would help in the conservation of energy. Besides that, Tesco had lots of green offers in stores and sales of the climate Week T-Shirt to raised money for the Environmental Justice Foundation. Besides that, Tesco also become the first supermarket that has carbon labels their own brand products. Tesco labeled hundreds of products which help customer to make greener purchasing choices. Tesco carbon label show how much of carbon dioxide is emitted from the production, use and disposal of each product. The products which have carbon label are orange juice, washing detergent, light bulbs, milk, kitchen and toilet roll. Tesco also provide automated recycling centre that help customer to recycle their plastic bottle, cans and glass. Tesco provide a recycle machine to make the recycle process simplest. The automated recycling centre enables the customer to recycle their things easily and hence it can also encourage them to recycle. Recycling help in reduce greenhouse effect. Gas emission occurs during the disposal of product that is not biodegr adable. If the greenhouse gas emission reaches the dangerous levels, it will cause the change in temperature globally. Therefore, Tescos automated recycling centre can help reduce the manufacture paper, plastic bottles, glass and also can save energy needed to manufacture new products. Tesco also give Green Clubcard points for those customers which recycle two aluminum cans. Another example of company that illustrates an ethical decision is Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad. In line with its new mission of Helping Malaysians move forward in life with trusted dairy nutrition, Dutch Lady has launched its two-year plan which is Sugar Reduction Campaign to aggressively reduce sugar consumption via its product ranges. Dutch Lady plan to reduce the sugar consumption by 40% or 2700 tons by 2013 from its current level as one of its effort to improve nutritional profile of its products. Research carried out shows that sugar consumption in Malaysia is averages 26 teaspoons a day, which is obviously more than the recommended average of not above 10 teaspoons a day. This has caused many people will suffered from obesity and diabetes in our country. Dutch Lady said currently around 32% of its total stock are made without any added sugar and by the end 2013, the company aims to reduce annual consumption of added sugar by over 2700 tons. This effort will begin with the withdrawal of its sweetened creamers starting from December 2011. Currently, 110 of its total products were made without added sugar. Dutch Lady is trying to replace sugar with natural sweeteners and also reformulating the products based on emerging nutritional science and as a new idea of healthy choice options which can be consider. The company also believes that consumers will replace sweetened creamers with evaporated or UHT milk and take one teaspoon of sugar every day as this will help to reduce the sugar consumption in the long run. This will be followed by the introduction of the improved range of existing products with 25 per cent less sugar namely Dutch Lady Kid, Dutch Lady School and Dutch Lady Low Fat Drinking Yogurt. By showing these products with lower sugar contents in the product, consumers will expect that the sugar levels to be reduced in most of Dutch Ladys products. This will attract more consumers to buy Dutch Ladys products as it is good for health. In our opinion, Sugar Reduction Campaign carried out by Dutch Lady reflects that they are making ethical decision for their business. This campaign is also part of Dutch Ladys corporate social responsibility programme and business sustainability efforts as a commitment for helping Malaysia become a healthier nation in future. This campaign also aligns with government and medical fraternitys effort to promote healthier lifestyles amongst Malaysians as well as to help educate Malaysians about the negative effects of high level of sugar consumption. Besides, it is also aimed to improve the health of consumers by reducing the amount of sugar consumption in a day which is not good for our healthy. The lower the level of sugar consumption in a day the better it is as it will encourage consumers to have a healthier lifestyle. This means that Dutch Lady also concern about their consumers health besides aim for earning high profits only for their business. The action taken by Dutch Lady refle cts that company is responsible to continuously work towards improving the nutritional profile of its products line by making some improvement to its existing products. Thus, it will also encourage positive reputation to the company as consumers will loyal to Dutch Ladys brands in future.

Gender inequality in contemporary society

Gender inequality in contemporary society Describe And Discuss Gender Inequality In Contemporary Society With Reference To The Labour Market. Sex is what distinguishes men and women biologically, namely it describes the physical qualities which derive from variations in chromosomes, hormones and genitalia. Gender refers to a set of culturally defined characteristics which determine societys view of people as masculine or feminine. Sociologists have long debated over the causes of unfair sexual divisions of labour. Some have forwarded biological explanations, whereas others hold responsible the socialisation of gender roles. In this essay I will look at how the nineteenth century socialisation of gender roles is believed to have affected womens position in the labour market. I will then consider the increasing feminisation of the labour market and seek to explain the persistent inequalities between men and women. Up until the twentieth century, women were largely excluded from the labour market, partly because of the social construction of separate male and female spheres. Feminist Ann Oakley believes that the modern role of housewife emerged in the early stages of industrialisation (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 108). Due to the norms and values of the time, supported by the functionalist Parsons, it was expected of the man to provide for the family, whilst the woman would tend to the home. Oakley claims that this concept of different duties has persevered and has since had a negative influence on the development of womens position within the labour market (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 108). However, since the mid-twentieth century there has been an increasing feminisation of the workforce. According to Ulrich Beck, women are setting the pace for change (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 647). In Becks view, we are moving into the second modernity (as against post modernity). He argues that in our society, characterised by risk and uncertainty, women have realised the importance of self-reliance and have sought to widen their participation in the labour market and as a result have changed the social discourse. This has been made possible by a number of factors. The increased possibilities of an education, the development of domestic appliances, the growing tendency for smaller families, the Feminist Movement of the 1970s, the steady expansion of the service industry, the increase in living costs and the consequent need for two incomes are all factors which have generated a shift in traditional family patterns and significantly changed the gender division of labour. A UK Labour Fo rce survey conducted in 2005 suggests that the rates of employment for women of working age have risen to 70% in 2004 compared to 56% in 1971. In contrast, employment rates for men have declined from 92% to 79% (Giddens, 2006, 755). Despite womens increased participation in the labour market, barriers to equality remain. Although 75% of women of working age are in employment in the UK, it has been shown that in high-earning, high-status professions they are severely under-represented (www.employment-studies.co.uk). 2005 demonstrated, in terms of vertical segregation, that 83% of chief executives, 71% of sales managers and 70% of management consultants were men, whilst 96% of dinner ladies, 95% of receptionists and 76% of cleaners were women (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 124). Different reasons are held responsible for such disproportion. One argument is that jobs are highly gendered, with a tendency for high-status, high-paid jobs to be male-dominated because they have traditionally been perceived as masculine. Radical feminist Sylvia Walby claims women are subjugated by patriarchal values that discriminate and confine them to specific areas of work (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 113). Not only are women under-represented at the highest levels of the occupational structure, they have likewise not achieved equality of pay, despite liberal feminists success in campaigning for equal pay legislation. The wage gap was once thought to be narrowing, however, new figures suggest that the pay divide is still a matter of concern today. According to the Office for National Statistics, the pay gap between men and women in full-time work has increased to 17.1% since 2007 (The Guardian,15/11/08). The median full-time gross weekly earnings per week for men in 2007 were  £498, whilst for women they stood at  £395. In 2008 they stand at  £521 for men and  £412 for women. It has been calculated that over a lifetime, women working full-time will earn an average of  £369.000 less than their male colleagues. This result, according to the annual survey conducted by the World Economic Forum, places Britain 81st in the world ranking in terms of equal pay for men and women in sim ilar jobs (The Guardian,15/11/08). Part of the reason would appear to be because of horizontal segregation. Much of the female workforce is clustered into a range of semi-skilled, low-status and poorly paid occupations. Across the occupational structure, men predominate in such lines of work as manufacturing, construction, IT and business industries. Conversely, women are overwhelmingly represented in health and social work, teaching, catering and cleaning (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 123). Feminists, therefore, see this as a reflection of the two spheres ideology. 2005 demonstrated, in terms of horizontal segregation, that 79% of social workers and 73% of teachers were women. In the same year, 90% of the construction industry and 76% of people working in transport were men (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 123). In addition, the fact that many women work in the part-time sector can be part of the reason for the poor levels of pay they are subject to. Occupational segregation has been used to explain such high concentration of women in part-time work. Despite the disadvantages it involves, part-time work seems to remain a popular choice for women. In 2004, 5.2 million women in the UK were in part-time employment, compared to 1.2 million men (Giddens, 2006, 757). Social forces such as limited childcare assistance and gender discrimination have also been held responsible for such large numbers of women in part-time work. Many women seeking full-time employment often face unjust hurdles which men do not encounter: a Fawcett Society study (the leading liberal feminist organisation) reveals that 52% of employers consider the chances of a new member of staff becoming pregnant before employing them (www.fawcettsociety.org.uk). However, whilst it is possible that this may discourage many women who intend to have children from looking for full-time work, this is not on its own sufficient reason to explain such a heavy influx in the part-ti me sector. Catherine Hakims preference theory suggests that womens position in the labour market depends entirely on the rational choices they make (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 125). Hakim identifies two types of women: those who commit themselves to full-time careers or those who prioritise their domestic responsibilities. According to Hakim, many women have different work orientations than men, leading them to choose part-time occupations which enable them to balance their domestic and professional lives. Rosemary Crompton and Fiona Harris agree that womens position in the labour market is influenced by their decisions. They argue, however, that the choices women make are not always rational, but are the results of the practical challenges and cultural norms they may face. Crompton and Harris believe that women often start a career committed to the idea of full-time employment and the family sphere in equal measure, but in later life might have to compromise one or the other for a variety of rea sons. There is, therefore, an important debate between feminists. Additional theories have been advocated by sociologists to explain womens continued limitations in the job-market. Talcott Parsons functionalist human capital theory suggests that womens natural role is that of childcare. The theory implies that women are likely not to commit to a career or gaining qualifications, preferring to dedicate themselves to their children (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 125). According to Parsons, this lack of commitment or skills renders women less valuable to the employer, and is ultimately the reason for womens disadvantaged position in the labour market. However, critics of the theory point out that it does not account for the large number of women who dedicate themselves to a career and still end up in lower-paid, lower-status jobs (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 125). Barron and Norriss dual labour market theory promotes the idea of two labour markets: a primary sector in which professionals and skilled workers belong, characterised by highly paid and secure jobs, and a secondary sector, consisting in lowly paid, less secure jobs mainly occupied by unskilled labourers. According to Barron and Norris, women are more likely than men to work in this sector because they are less interested in wages or status, a view which echoes that of Hakim. Transition from the secondary to the primary sector is rare, ending in confinement within a range of low-paid jobs for ones entire working life. The theory is criticised by feminists for not being able to explain why skilled women often earn less than men in similar work, or why they get promoted less often than men in the same job (HaralambosHolborn, 2008, 126). In the past century, women have made a revolutionary ascent in the labour market even if many work in the part-time sector. However, the rate of improvement seems to have stalled rather than grown. Despite legislation such as the Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), vast inequalities remain in Britain, especially in terms of pay and status. It might well be that more radical reforms need to be made. In Norway, for example, hundreds of women have benefitted from a new act, passed in 2003, which stipulates that companies must increase the number of women on their boards to 44.%. This now means that Norway heads the league table for gender equality, 12 places above the UK (The Guardian, 17/11/08). This suggests that post-feminists are mistaken in believing there is no more for feminists to do. A third wave of feminism, as suggested by Katherine Rake, or new feminism, to use Natasha Walters term, may be precisely what is needed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Bilton, Tony et al. Sociology in Perspective (Causeway Press, ND). Giddens, Anthony, Sociology 5th edition, (Polity, 2006). Haralambos, Holborn, Sociology: Themes and Perspectives 7th edition, (London: Collins, 2008). Newspaper Articles: The Guardian, 15/11/08 p 10. The Guardian, 17/11/08 ND. Electronic Sources of Information: http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/pubs/summary.php?id=294 http://www.ehs.org.uk/othercontent/walsh30a.pdf http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=5748

Political Change in Europe in the Modern Era Essay examples -- World E

European nations gained world dominance between the 15th and 19th centuries through imperialism and industrialization. European nations competed among themselves for international influence, and established by the early 20th century a very intricate balance of power, the disturbance of which ignited World War I in 1914. Over this same period, the power of monarchs within European nations declined as a larger portion of the populace demanded political rights, leading to the democratization of most political systems throughout Western Europe. These shifts in political systems were fed by urbanization, by the rise of class consciousness within the masses, and by the spread of ideas of political and economic philosophers who challenged the power of autocratic government. Russia from Tsarism to Bolshevik Dictatorship Russia lagged behind Western Europe in its economic and political development. In the mid-19th century, Russia remained a feudal society with very little industrialization or urbanization, whose tsar had absolute power. Serfs, peasants who were bound to landowners and had no political rights, comprised the vast majority of the population. Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) initiated an Age of Reform that he hoped would modernize Russia while maintaining the absolute power of the tsar. In 1861 Alexander II emancipated the serfs, on the grounds that â€Å"it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below.† This act put into place a complicated system by which the peasants acquired a â€Å"temporary obligation† to the landlord that could drag on for years, and had to pay to purchase land that they had considered their own and that was often much smaller than the am... ... of the tsar in the late 19th century until the establishment of the Bolshevik dictatorship in October 1917. The moderate pro-monarchist factions (â€Å"whites†) and the Bolsheviks (â€Å"reds,† renamed the Russian Communist Party in 1918) engaged in a Civil War until 1922, by which time the RCP had defeated the monarchists and reclaimed the border nations that had been part of the Tsar’s empire, with the exception of Poland, Finland, and the Balkan states. With these victories the RCP established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which became a powerful contender in world affairs under Stalin’s rule (1924-1953). The ideological and practical disconnect between Russian Communism and Western Democracy and the alliances of World War II were the foundations of the Cold War rivalry between the world’s two superpowers in the 20th century, the USSR and the USA.

A Worn Path :: essays research papers

â€Å"A Worn Path†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short story, â€Å"A Worn Path,† is about an old Negro woman named Phoenix who travels a long distance to a town to get medicine for her grandson. The trip is extremely long and tiresome for an old lady but she feels that it is her duty to get her laboring grandson the needed medicine. Throughout the story, Phoenix encounters dreams, harassments, small triumphs, jolts to her pride, some flights of fancy to console her, a cause to be ashamed, and a moment to dance and preen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her journey, Phoenix experiences dreams, harassments, and small triumphs. She experienced a dream when a black dog popped out of the weeds by a ditch and advanced toward her. She later on found herself in the ditch. That is when her senses drifted away. She said, â€Å"Old woman, that black dog come up out of the weeds to stall you off, and now there he sitting on his fine tail, smiling at you.† The quote shows how she was not right in the mind after the dog attacked her. Her senses drifted away causing her to experience a dream in which she talked to herself and meditated about her life. Although the young white hunter who helped her get out of the ditch was sort of disrespectful, there was another person that one might find more disrespectful. The harassments she faced throughout her journey were found in the environment. She had to go through a series of hills and bad terrain. The part she struggled the most was through the barbed-wire fence. She had to â€Å"creep and crawl, spreading her knees and stretching her fingers like a baby trying to climb the steps.† The quote shows that she was having a very difficult time in trying to pass the barbed-wire fence. For a very old lady with an extremely long distance to travel, the barbed-wire fence proved to be the most stressful. It seemed like she put all of her effort and strength in able to overcome that obstacle. Phoenix experienced a small triumph toward the end of the story. She took the nickel she received from the young white hunter and combined it with the nickel that the attendant gave her. She bought a little paper windmill for her grandson with the money. She buys the windmill to please her son and make him realize that there is â€Å"such a thing in the world.

Freudian Analysis of Edgar Allen Poe’s a Tell Tale Heart

A Freudian Analysis of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† By Edgar Allen Poe As an esteemed psychologist analyzing this accused murderer, I have found a few key pieces of evidence that ultimately lead me to the decision that the murderer is in fact mad and I recommend psychological rehabilitation as well as jail sentence as a proper penalty for the crime committed. Although, he claims he can recount the night of the murder â€Å"healthily and calmly† it is not proof enough to disregard his insanity. The murderer insists that he â€Å"loved the old man† which I believe is undoubtedly true. As far as my knowledge goes he was stuck in a paradox of love and hate. With that said I know that people sometimes tend to harm the people they love. He claims he was not after the old man by any greedy or vengeful means, â€Å"He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By saying this, he makes it clear that he has eliminated any motives that normally inspire a murderer. Instead he describes his obsession with the old man’s, â€Å"vulture eye† as what makes him tick. To everyone except the murderer, the obsession with the old man’s blue eye is unexplainable. The only indication given is that the eye makes his â€Å"blood run cold† so much so that he thought the only just way to eliminate this problem was to end the old man’s life all together. Additionally, when he exclaims his plans to rid himself of the eye forever, subconsciously he wants to rid the old man of the eye because it is evil. However, it is apparent that the murderer does not comprehend that he cannot isolate the man from his eye, and that if he tries he will have killed the man too not just the eye. In his mind, he has separated the man’s identity, which is pleasant and agreeable, from his vulture eye, which is described as evil and eerie. By doing so, the murderer has now justified to himself his capability of murdering the old man. Ultimately, the obsession with the vulture eye is irrational and is by no means a reasonable motive to murder an innocent man. The murderer’s heightened sensitivity to sound is yet another piece of evidence that proves his insanity. He says, â€Å"Above all the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. † What that means to him, we may not know, but to a listener he is just proving himself crazy. He first encounters the loud sound of the old man’s beating heart while he is still alive in his bed on the night of the murder, â€Å"I knew that sound well too. It was the beating of the old man’s heart. It increased my fury as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage. † Not only is this testimony of paranoia, it also disproves his original claim he is not insane, because a sound that can’t be heard from a distance at all was driving his rage to attack the old man. Then again at the end of his story, he claims he heard the sound of the beating heart and it drove him to admit to the crime, while the police were investigating the old man’s house. The ringing became more distinct: I talked more freely to get rid of the feeling: but it continued and gained definitiveness – until, at length, I found that the noise was NOT within my ears. † This is a clear display of the murderer’s extreme guilt and paranoia. Not only do I firmly believe this murderer should be sentenced to many years jail for the crime he committed, it is in his best interest to regain his sanity if possible through some psychological therapy program.

Friend Compare and Contrast

A Friend His name Is If you ever met this Individual you would certainly have a good or bad impression of him. I've basically grown up with him. We attended the same school all from elementary through high school, grew up in the same neighborhood. You could say that we both had a common thing. I'm not sure if meeting this person was a way to teach me a few things or not. I always wanted to think that him and I would get along and be good friends. Maybe that's the reason why I have kept him my friend for so long. Now days he resides as my roommate, I don't know if that session was a mistake or not.Time will tell or maybe it has already. His views are not like mine at all. We we're brought up completely different as was taught under a Latin background and him†¦ Well, that's a different story. I'll explain about us: he and have completely different personalities, different and same friends and diverse ethics about education. Ill explain this through. For example, I believe that per sonality Is one If the main things that leads a relationship, even Just as friends. When you think of someone you want to be friends with you think of the same things you might share with that person.To me, personality is one of the main ones. When I met Matt I was in 4th grade, a young child, you could say. I didn't really know much about how a person should be or how he should act as I was Just growing up. He seemed Like an okay kid and since we lived In the same neighborhood and hung out with the same friends I decided to start talking to him to see how things went. At the beginning everything was Just dandy but as time progressed I started to notice him being a controlling, self-righteous individual. His personality was completely different than mine. I was always a caring person but he†¦ Was more off â€Å"me first, me second and me third† kind of guy. For example, we always used to play football at my house, a quick game of 5 on 5. This might seem silly but when I saw him tackle someone I always used to see how much of a better person he wanted to be than the one being tackled. I could see that he was trying to show the other how much of greater man he was. After he would tackle someone he would slap them and say something rude or racist. According to him†¦ Anyone that isn't white isn't anything at all. It might seem harsh to say but to me that's what he comes off as.I'm the complete opposite. Sure I'm competitive too, but not to that level. If I was to beat someone at anything of course I would gloat and such but I would never demise that person to the point where the individual would feel less than me. It's a passive personality, me, to a very aggressive one, him. I wasn't the only one who would think about him this way, there were also our friends. Since Matt and I lived in the same neighborhood and went to the same school, we were bound to share the same friends. We were all group and till this day we still call ourselves â€Å"the farms boys†.Sharing the same friends brought upon me him talking Enid my back, and others too. Since we all always used to hang out with each other there wasn't much I could do. I couldn't Just leave him and the others behind, I wouldn't have friends! But now I see that he was no friend at all. Some of my friends that were also buddies of him viewed him as I started too, mean. Sure the kid had his 1 OFF good clays Ana Dad out Nils Dad were a lot more tan Nils good MY Eternal Dalton won was also friends with him till this day thinks Matt Just thinks for himself. I agree completely.Although we shared the same friends, we treated them differently and vice-versa. The ones that would hang out with Matt the most, would view him as a superior you could say but still saw that aggressiveness in him. Now take in consideration this was all during out middle school phase where we were all trying to be â€Å"a cool kid†. He was the kid that could say one thing and turn everyone agai nst you, at least everyone in the neighborhood. Even if it was Just a rumor, trying to fight your side to prove it wasn't true was a pain. So as the saying goes â€Å"keep your friends close, but your enemies closer†.Don't get me wrong. I don't consider the kid an enemy Just a bad seed. Even when it came down to education, we would have completely different work ethics about it. Ever since middle school, Matt has always been on top of his school work. He rarely had to study because the material we were going over Just came easily to him. Not with me. I had to take my time and review, review and then review some more before I could even think about acing a test. Although he was a smart kid†¦ He always had a way to brag about how well he did in school, or how much better he was at this than me.While me on the other hand, when I did good on something I would maybe how him Just to get a sense that â€Å"him I'm better than him†. I know it sounds a little self righteou s of me, but that's how I felt. Mat's work ethics when it came to school would never compare to mine. We had a test in our English class once and of course he got a better grade than me and Just boasted about it. While me, I kept quiet and was Just proud that I got what I deserved. It's almost like he was trying to prove to me that he could beat me or anyone at whatever he tried. In this case it was education. When we took our Sat, I got a better score than him.His excuse was â€Å"l went out the ay before therefore I wasn't at my fullest†. I didn't understand why he couldn't Just have said, â€Å"good Job man† or something along those lines. Although one thing that I have to admit is that him and I do have a very good habit of turning assignments in on time and doing pretty well on them. We both like to exceed ourselves on our work. That part of his work ethic is something I can compare to me in a good way. In a nutshell, my friend Matt is one of a kind. Him and I hav e our differences when it comes down to personality, friends and education†¦ Then again everyone has their differences.He has more of an â€Å"l own everything personality', while mine is a caring and courteous one. We do share the same friends and treat them differently, he with a kingship attitude and I with a friendly one. While when it comes down to education we both share some same characteristics and attributes. We finish our work with a timely manner even if he Just gets out of bed the day of and finishes while I take a week to do it. Now, Matt resides as my roommate. For now, I think it was a huge idea taking this mini adventure with him but only time will tell if I am right. After all, not everyone is perfect.

Heritage and Health Essay

With cultural differences evident among the human population in the world today, it could be noticed that the different approaches also differ from one culture to another. Having the knowledge that people are usually shaped in life through the traditions that they were particularly brought up with, some definitely use these traditional ways of health maintenance to suffice their need for better health status. In this paper, understanding such differences among human individuals at present and how well they are able to withstand the challenges of modern health issues that face the human society at present through the implications of traditional ways of health care procedures shall be discussed and clarified. Personally, the author of this paper has seen the different ways by which his culture imposes the different procedures of healthcare approaches among the ancestors and older generations that he has lived with. Considerably, seeing them and the process by which they deal with health emergencies and the emerging issues that pertain to the said need of being healthy, taught the author himself to face certain health situations in the same manner. Most of the procedures used by the author’s ancestors are based on the process of using alternative routes to healthcare maintenance. Instead of actually being able to find the most important approach to health issues through medical ways, the family line of the author tends to find cure from regular herbal solutions. Traditional as it is, his ancestors believe that it is only through this process that they would be able to find the most demanded cure without having to worry about the many possible side effects of the process that they are going to adapt to. This is the reason why most of the author’s family members try their best to do away with synthetic medicine and vitamins offered in the market today. Having the chance to meet to other families from other cultures, the author himself found out that the entire process of maintaining health from his side of the family may be a little bit different from that of the process to which other cultures view the said need to protect one’s health. For one, the implicative manner by which the other family from the west naturally brings about the welcomed possibility of accepting new age medicine without any doubt. Likely, that family was particularly raised in a society of continuous change and development. Their intense belief that change is for the better makes them well acquainted with the different developments in medicine that brings about the possibility of dealing with health issues in a much convenient and faster way which they think is most effective not only for their health needs but also for the lifestyle that they are living. Meanwhile, another family attests to the use of rituals for the sake of saving a family from any health phenomenon that may arise in the human community that they are living in. They also depend on rituals and prayed-for oils that are believed to have a great chance of healing someone with an illness or even with a terminal health case through the collaborative use of touch and prayer. As much as they believe in alternative medicine, they also believe that their gods would be able to help them get through life especially during trying times including the need to deal with serious health cases. Seriously, up to these moments, the two families and the family of the author himself have a great connection with traditions especially when it comes to health issues and the need to deal with the situations concerned with the said matter. Terribly, there are some occasions when too much tradition makes a family member’s life be subjected into serious dangers. This is the reason why the author himself decided to take nursing as a career, a path that he knows could both protect his family’s health and allow culturally deepened families to see the differences of the procedures of modern technology and modern medicine to bring ease to the health needs of the human society. Knowing how these people feel about their connection to their culture certainly makes it easier for the author of this paper to see through the situation and be able to decipher the health cases he is supposed to handle later on and still be able to find the most effective procedure there is to manage giving them the health care assistance they need without completely bypassing their cultural traditions just so to be able to save the lives of people in an ethical yet strategic way. It is through this process that the author believes that he would be able to successfully applied what he has learned within the four walls of the classrooms and laboratories along with the things that he learned and would be continuously learning from actual medical practice to meet the needs of the people who are culturally loyal to their traditions when it comes to health maintenance needs. True, some of these cultural or traditional procedures help well in the idea of keeping a good grip on keeping one’s health protected. In fact, it could not be denied that there are those medical experts who retrying the avenue of alternative medicine as suggested through traditional procedures of healing, however, for certain terminal health cases, there must be a careful balance on the given attention towards health safety and traditional loyalty to the ways that one or a family has been particularly accustomed to. Truthfully, this fact leads to the idea that nurses need to be flexible enough to know and recognize the need for health safety and cultural respect in dealing with healthcare issues.

Critical Review of Poor-Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion Essay

Social struggles and cultural crisis have been the subjects of various books over the years. They have resulted into an abundance of works done by social and theoretical experts as well as literary and media practitioners. One society crisis that these writers have discussed is the issue of poverty, the people involved in this situation, and the issue of poor-bashing they are faced with. However, only a few of these sources have really created their work using their own or personal experiences. The perspective coming from people who belong to the poverty block is significantly helpful and useful. This is because their personal experiences and battles ignite the search for truth and manifest the real issue that the poor people are the targets of a well-designed and orderly crusade of discrimination and exploitation. All it needs is a real presentation and argument of the issue for the public to realize that these poor people do not welcome being blamed for a condition that only society dictates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Included in these first-hand writers is Jean Swanson (2001) who tackled the existing yet unfamiliar issue of poor-bashing in her book entitled â€Å"Poor Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion.† Swanson’s presentation of poverty, particularly poor-bashing, is a well-attested discussion that turned out to be a depiction of the real emotional expressions of the poor people and the author’s own cry from her heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book is a passionate disclosure by anti-poverty activist Swanson of poor-bashing, a condition of the society that continuously fails to claim general information despite its existence and utilization as an anti-poverty tool for the past two decades. A seasoned anti-poverty activist, Swanson employed her personal experiences and various interactions with the rest of the poor people in her country to present the real issues brought about by poor-bashing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Swanson (2001), the term of poor-bashing hides the actual origins of poverty and the pain it inflicts to poor people. It degrades the employed people while taking away the pressure and responsibility from the rich members of the society. The Swanson book critically presents a new approach of writing poverty with the provision of the personal stories, ideas, and analysis of the poor about poverty. The book disputes the position that there is no one to be blamed for the condition of the poor people but themselves. The book serves as an expressive style of poor-bashing which was introduced in our terminology use and traditions. It is also an instrument for academic progress and direction (Swanson, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term poor-bashing was defined by Swanson as a condition when poor people are pictured, neglected, accused, sponsored, sympathized, and wrongly blamed for being intoxicated, and contented of having big yet unmanageable families and settling as unemployed individuals depending on the welfare and financial assistance from the government. Aside from the said societal presentations, the poor people are likewise subjected to poor-bashing by the institution. A manifestation of low financial assistance rates for the promotion of social welfare is a type of poor-bashing by the establishment. Swanson added that having or allowing the existence of poverty when the society can possibly do away with it is also another poor-bashing kind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Poor-Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion† critically looked into how low-income people and even those belonging to below poverty line are marginalized and maltreated by the state, media and the corporate world. However, Swanson pulled off some entertainment when she pictured how the term poor-bashing, which was used to represent people who are dependent on financial assistance and benefits, actually better fits to demonstrate the behavior of the sluggish rich members of the society. In presenting the many points of the book, Swanson featured several realistic voices and emotions of the poor, such as those of single mothers, a side that has not been focused on by other works. These single parents are made to experience poor-bashing when they are shown as people struggling to give food, clothes, and shelter to their kids because of an unforgiving and unacceptable financial condition. The structural and personal poor-bashing of single mothers denied them the chance to decide better for themselves and their children, thereby negatively affecting their way of living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An interview by Swanson with a single mother revealed that the latter did not prefer to be financially dependent and always on the welfare of other people. According to Swanson’s interpretation, the society where the single mother belongs and her partner in particular are the ones that actually put her life and that of her children where it is now. The poor-bashing applied to single mothers is just one of the pieces of evidence of the wide gap between the rich and the poor. Accordingly, in Swanson’s country (Canada) and in most parts of the world, statistics proves that the poor people tend to share only a small percentage of wealth while the rich people enjoy the biggest portion. It is generally perceived that people who have a share as that of the rich are assured of a dependable education and stable job. This is not because poor people are legally restricted to be a part of the majority, but it is because there are laws that are apparently in favor of the rich than the poor. This results in more options and opportunities available for the rich than for the poor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swanson’s book unveiled the orientation of poor-bashing in a clean, strong manner. One example is the author’s analysis of how the media, particularly the reporters, function when they cover and tell stories about poverty. Swanson called this as the media â€Å"poornography† where the media utilizes many attacks to get and present poverty stories. In the book, media â€Å"poornography† depicts poor people as sufferers. Swanson said that this is part of the journalistic approach to â€Å"putting a face on the problem.† However, this media portrayal does not change the problem. This is because the said media approach fails to determine the real causes of poverty. Charity, financial aid, and welfare dependency offered to poor people oftentimes do not offer a solution to the poverty problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the strengths of the book and that of Swanson’s arguments, they did not allow readers to draw their own conclusions and realize for themselves the main points of the issue of poor-bashing. Instead, the author dwells and banks on rhetorics about the need to solve the problems of classism, racism and sexism. Although these issues are valid, they made the book feel and look out of focus. The non-stop utilization of poor-bashing term or affiliation, apparently to picture evident situations pertaining to the problem, actually created a feeling for the public to be subjected to reader-bashing. This is simply because the book is all but representation of the poverty problem and poor-bashing in particular but without drawing a definite solution on how to address the said condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The book which depicts the poor as unworthy, lazy, possibly involved in criminal acts and a threat to stability of the society deviate attention away from the real problem of poverty. This is because it diverts the true reasons of poverty and unemployment into the poor people who are presented as victims of inequality. The book’s individualization of the causes to poverty and unemployment distracts focus on the actual solutions to the problem. These realities include legalities and corporate decisions that are designed to produce and promote the undermining of wages and employment conditions of the poor. The book turns out to be just an endless discussions of who are the poor yet deserving people. This eventually encourage self restriction instead of self-esteem among poor people. Even the book’s presentation of the creation and multiplication of profit and wealth among the undeserving rich is overdue and uncalled for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In challenging poor-bashing, it should be understood by the poor that they are not to be blame for their conditions. There are factors to be considered such as an apprehension of the economic system that actually cause poverty and how treatment of poverty is supported by the government. One must learn and realize that there is enough profit and wealth to end poverty, for both the rich and the poor to share. People in turn, should benefit from poor-bashing and poverty. Poverty is a condition that entails government policy and the poor people that are subjected to poor-bashing actually benefits because they become cheaper in the labor market. Sometimes, the poor has to challenge bashing created not by poverty but by the condition resulting from the conditions of racism or sexism. The poor just have to dispute the depictions created by the term, myths, media, and the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instead of stating proposals to address poor-bashing, the book should have encouraged the poor people to understand the underlying policies of the government, corporations, and media. These plans of action actually create confusion and exclusion and promote inequality and the feeling of blame. It is essential to unite crusades about poor-bashing with alliance against racism and other negative conditions of the society. It requires a lot of understanding and ultimately the need to build an organization of thoughts and actions. A concrete step is to end the kind of notion and feeling that group people into being poor or those on welfare dependency. This will not justify treating them badly and blaming them for poverty. There should be an end to blaming poverty to the poor or other oppressed people. In this manner, an adaptable and effective policies, laws, and economic system can be worked out that will allow poor people to productively compete against each other. Poverty should have a different and justifiable image. In the end, resolving poor-bashing requires addressing the issues of unequal distribution of wealth and income among all members of the society. With this, putting the blame of poverty on the poor would be stopped. Reference Swnson, J. (2001). Poor-Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion. Toronto: Between the Lines.   

HN2200 Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HN2200 Assignment 3 - Essay Example As the newly appointed HR manager, I believe that it is my duty to look after our employee’s needs and benefits. I had the chance to have a glance at the employees individual profiles and I noticed that, the employees are mostly young, responsible, dedicated and decent college graduates who are in their first of second job. They are witty and they have the knack to work well with others. They are courageous, and I can see in them that if they are properly taken cared of, they would become assets to the company. There is also a mix of both Qataris and expatriate employees in the workforce. Some of them are married with young children, but most of them are still single and are very responsible and dedicated to their work during their work time. Dedicated as they are to their respective areas of responsibilities, they also value their free time away from work and lead very active lives outside of work. They are involved in many different recreational and sporting activities. Standard health benefits package which includes varying degree of health coverage, and a few fringe benefits. The health benefit would cover about 80% of the cost of medical insurance for employees and their dependents, depending on the age and marital status of the workforce, or a choice between HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) and a PPO (Preferred Provider Organization). The HMO dental coverage is to be included as health benefit and would follow a similar 80-20 pattern. Vision coverage is also to be added. Vision coverage includes free annual eye examination plus a yearly allowance for new glasses or contact lenses. Long-term disability is a standard health benefit to protect income for ongoing family needs in the event of a catastrophe. Since no benefit plan would satisfy all the workers, we should strive for flexibility. For example, the older employees would want to care about the hospital confinement or may opt for greater flexibility in choosing their own doctors,

In public administration class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In public administration class - Essay Example The sum and substance of the book, call it synopsis, has been made clear by the authors in the first few pages of the book and in the ensuing chapters, the approach to the subject has been elaborated, by close examination of the concept of metaphor. Metaphor is no more the concept. It is experiencing; it is what one lives by. The authors argue, â€Å" We have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.†(Lakoff, et.al, 1980 p.3)The authors launch their version of metaphor by appropriate examples like the concept of ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. Next, the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY is elaborated. George Lakoff is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. Mark Johnson is the Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Oregon. Their common meeting ground is metaphor! There has been a recent spurt in interest in metaphor in most of the branches of knowledge. Linguists, philosophers and psychologists are the first converts to the working philosophy of metaphor. The intention of the authors is not to find new converts to the art or science of metaphor. It is to make them aware how they are already making extensive use of metaphors in their existing branch of knowledge. It is to convert philosophers to philosophy and psychologists to psychology, so to say! In everyday life some metaphors do small jobs and some perform mighty undertakings. The later fall into the category of highly productive metaphor schemata. The example given is, Michael Reddys conduit metaphor, to understand communication. The conduit metaphor has three constituent metaphors: IDEAS ARE OBJECTS, LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS, and